Nominal and Real GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nominal and Real GDP - Essay Example As per common belief nominal GDP is the total of all the products and services produced by a country in a particular time span, generally one year, expressed in current prices (NZIER.org, 2006). Nominal GDP technically does not include all the goods and services produced by any country. This would lead to double counting of certain products. To avoid this error, only the final product value is taken into consideration. In this value the share of intermediaries (Eg: Raw material suppliers) is apportioned according to their value add to the final product. This usage of intermediates to produce a final product is called as intermediate consumption. Hence nominal GDP is the sum total of all the products and services produced in a country in a specific time period minus the intermediate consumption (NZIER.org, 2006). Increase in nominal GDP is not a reflection of actual economic growth according to economists (Baumol and Blinder, 2004). In nominal GDP, as the current prices are considered, the increase over the previous year is not comparable. Nominal GDP will also show variations according to inflation. If inflation is higher, then nominal GDP is higher. This explains that nominal GDP only reflects changes in prices and does not reflect changes in output levels. Hence GDP is indexed against a base year and the increase from that year is calculated.

Stock Market and Brand Portfolio Essay Example for Free

Stock Market and Brand Portfolio Essay 1. Brand Portfolio a. What is your 5 year plan regarding the brand portfolio across the two markets. Give justification Our Period 2 results have swept the industry and we have become number one team in our industry. We are the leaders in value market shares (23%) and unit market shares (29%) in Squazols market. Our 5 year plan will focus on maintaining the brand equity in the Squazols market as we can see the 5-year anticipatory growth in manufacturing and construction sector and we have products strategically placed in Squazols market. Although we have invested in RD of new product in Trigols market on anticipation of new segment in Utility, but as Trigols market is capital intensive and we don’t have market statistics to support new products in that market, we do not see requirement to diversify into Trigols market. Our plan will be to slowly diversify in the new market based on Ansoff’s grid platform, if we anticipate the need. Eg: based on profitability and market growth and share, we will position our products as Stars (with RD expenditure) or if it does not perform well, we can withdraw the product, and diversify into Trigols market. a. How much do you think will be your stock price index after 5 years As per our actual SPI rise from Period 1 to Period 2, it has increased by (1266-1061)/1061 = 19.3 %. Now, as we have been number two player in the Buffalo industry in period 1, and have become market leader in period 2, we anticipate similar growth pattern in future with an average 20% growth year on year. As such, our 5 year conservative estimate for SPI will be ((1.2)^4)*1266= 2625.17 assuming 20 % year on year growth due to our strategies and brand portfolio as described above. [emailprotected] Verify your industry team on the marketing plan doc Identify the same in the subject in the email

Physics of Baseball :: physics sport sports baseball

Introduction Baseball is a fairly simple game, once you understand the simple mix of science involved in baseball. Also, there is much more to the game of baseball than simply hitting and pitching the ball. Here is a few bits of information about a baseball that is hit 400 feet. 1. For each 1000 feet of altitude you can add 7 Feet. 2. For each 10 degrees of air temp you can add 4 Feet. 3. For each 10 degrees of ball temp you can add 4 Feet. 4. For each 1 inch drop in Barometer you can add 6 Feet. 5. For each 1 mph following wind you can add 3 Feet. 6. With the Ball at 100 % Humidity you can subtract 30 Feet. 7. When the ball is Pitched, for every 5 mph you can add 3.5 Feet. 8. For a ball Hit along the foul line you can add 11 Feet. 9. When an Aluminum Bat is used you can add 30 Feet. A couple more bits of general information. 1. A curve ball that seems to break over 14 inches never actually deviates from a straight line by more than 3 inches 2. There is no such thing in baseball as a rising fastball! 3. The collision of a ball on the bat lasts only about 1/1000th of a second. 4. That a batted ball should be able to travel no farther than 545 Feet. The Path of a Baseball A baseball will always follow a parabolic motion when hit with the bat. This is mainly due to the force of gravity acting on the baseball after it is hit. A baseball like most other things follows the three laws of motion that were created by Sir Isaac Newton. The three laws of motion are: 1. Law 1. An object continues in its initial state of rest or motion with uniform velocity unless it is acted on by an unbalanced, or net external, force. 2. Law 2.

Lofts at Las Colinas Apartments

My area of choice is Irving, Texas. My evaluation shall be based on a one bedroom apartment. The cost of renting apartments across this area will vary depending on various factors, some of which include the location of the apartment, how pet friendly it is, and the amenities available (e.g. swimming pool, fitness center, high speed internet, etc.).The ten apartments that I shall evaluate are: Archstone at MacArthur Apartments (located on 1100 Hidden Ridge Road), Lincoln Lakeside (on 6727 Deseo), Huntington Ridge Apartments (situated at 4220 Esters Road), Hillcrest Apartments (located on 3149 West Walnut Hill Lane), Tuscan Villas Apartments (located on 6445 Love Dr), Delano Apartments (located on 1001 Lake Carolyn Parkway).Lofts at Las Colinas Apartments (located on 1050 Lake Carolyn Parkway), Glen Arbor Apartments (located on 4003 N Belt Line Rd), and Surrey Oaks I and Surrey Oaks II Apartments (both located on 1814 Estrada Parkway) (MyNewPlace, 2008).Standard amenities across all th ese apartments include a pool, spa, package receiving, storage space, a fitness center, a BBQ/Picnic area, and on-site maintenance. For a standard one bedroom house, Archstone at MacArthur charges an average rate of $845. In addition to these amenities, the location of Archstone at MacArthur is ideal. Situated in the heart of Las Colinas, it is sandwiched between shopping malls and restaurants.Las Colinas’ central location between   Dallas and Fort Worth and its proximity to the DFW Airport has made it a magnet for the offices of corporate bodies, and also boasts of luxury hotels, country clubs, exclusive resorts and luxurious mansions. This has made it a prestigious address both for up market homes and offices and it remains a planned community. In addition, pets are also allowed (MyNewPlace, 2008).Lincoln Lakeside Apartments, in La Villita, San Antonio, charge much more than Archstone at MacArthur Apartments.At $930, these apartments however offer more amenities. In addit ion to the amenities offered by Archstone at MacArthur Apartments, Lincoln Lakeside also offers high speed internet, a sundeck, a business center, and a clubhouse. These extra facilities would help explain the higher rates charged.Like the Las Colinas, La Villita is a planned community, located on the eastern banks of the San Antonio River, and is served by a large number of shops, galleries and restaurants. It is in the Central Loop (â€Å"downtown San Antonio†) area which is bound by Interstates 35, 37 and the US highway 90, which run around it (MyNewPlace, 2008).Lofts at Las Colinas Apartments charge even more. At $1, 219 for a one bedroom apartment, it is one of the most expensive addresses in Irving. However, it offers much more in the way of both amenities and location than either Lincoln Lakeside or Archstone at MacArthur.In addition to the standard facilities and in addition to high speed internet, a sundeck, a business center and a clubhouse, Lofts at Las Colinas Apa rtments offer controlled access, a courtyard, night patrol, a rec room, and elevators.In addition, it offers access to four major freeways, is located at the heart of the Los Colinas CBD, and fronts the promenade of the Lake Carolyn. It restricts some breeds of pets and as a matter of policy allows a maximum of only two pets (MyNewPlace, 2008).In contrast, apartments such as Surrey Oaks 1 Apartments which have only the standard amenities cost much, much lower. At Surrey Oaks 1, one would pay an average of only $450.Surrey Oaks II, with the only extra feature being night time patrols, go for a comparable rate of $470. Glen Arbor Apartments, which have similar amenities and no extras, go for only $489. Hillcrest Apartments have even fewer amenities and charge only $480 for a one bedroom apartment. At $535, Huntington Ridge Apartments throw in an extra benefit in the form of night patrols (MyNewPlace, 2008).At an average rate of $979 for a one bedroom apartment, Delano Apartments are a lso considered upscale. Reflective of the rates are the extra amenities that the apartments offer. In addition to the standard facilities that one would find in Surrey Oaks for example, Delano Apartments also offer concierge services, a sundeck, elevators, high speed internet, a courtyard, a rec room, a clubhouse, and a business center.Like the Delano Apartments, Tuscan Hill Villas Apartments also charge premium rates for more top-of-the-class amenities. At $935 a month for a one bedroom apartment, the apartments have all the facilities that upscale apartments such as Delano, Lofts at Las Colinas, and Lincoln Lakeside Apartments offer (MyNewPlace, 2008).An examination of the location also shows that homes that are considered upscale (more luxurious and comfortable) charge higher rates. This explains why the exclusive Lofts at Las Colinas is almost two times as expensive as Surrey Oaks 1.   Those with more amenities are more expensive.That explains why Delano is much more costly th an Hillcrest. Those apartments which are located close to transit systems, in downtown locations, or close to shopping malls charge relatively higher rates than those which are not.Lofts at Las Colinas’ close proximity to the downtown of both Dallas and Fort Worth has certainly also contributed to the princely sum of $1,219 that it charges for a one bedroom apartment. Areas that charge more than $900 are considered upscale (MyNewPlace, 2008).

Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary

There has been a long debate about the Constitutionality of paid military chaplains. Is there a legal basis for such or is it a mere supposition? Does the government have a legitimate and legal basis to pay chaplains for their services or is it doing so â€Å"just because† and is getting away with it? Could it be legally challenged and done away with? These are the questions. The First Amendment of the Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution is the legal basis of the military chaplaincy. Here is how.The First Amendment states: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The amendment is generally viewed as being composed of two separate clauses; the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. Each of these clauses is designed to protect those fundamental human rights which are so foundational to the ideals of our nation: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.There are many references to the military chaplaincies as legitimate exceptions to the â€Å"Establishment Clause† because they provide the right of â€Å"free exercise† of religion that is equally guaranteed under the First Amendment. It is this most important point that the chaplaincy clearly provides the military with a constitutional function, the â€Å"free exercise† of religion. The legal debate over paid chaplains sits on both clauses of the First Amendment: 1) Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 2) or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;Describe your understanding of praying in â€Å"Jesus Name. I have been fortunate in that I have not experienced any direct pressure in regards to praying in Jesus’ name. However, during public prayer in which soldiers are required to be in attendance, I always make the statement â€Å"As I pray in my tradition, I encourage you to prayer in yours. † This should be a common statement among chaplains. `Generally speaking, it is not soldiers of other faith traditions that are offended by prayers in Jesus’name, it is usually soldiers of no faith tradition whatsoever.Furthermore, although there are stories of religious persecution on both sides of the issue (Religious soldiers and Non- Religious soldiers), these issues have a tendency to be very allocated and reflect the particular command environment that the Chaplain is serving under. This is a very troubling issue and the best resolve is the development of a healthy relationship between the Chaplain and the Command in which the chaplain has the opportunity to advise the commander on these complicated issues. In reality, this can become quite complicated and some commanders have strong views on this topic (on both sides of the argument).Is it worth derailing many years of representing Christ to soldiers over the particular views of one commander? I would suggest that sometimes it is prudent to just get in the basket and go over the wall. Finally, I also understand that Chaplains and Chaplain Candidates like myself, that pray Christian prayers should be prepared to hear and support the right of Jewish and Muslim Chaplains to pray in their particular tradition as well. Finally, describe your understanding of the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† Policy and other issues of which you may be concerned.According to the Don’t Ask Don’t Tell repeal, service members will not be involuntarily separated for lawful homosexual conduct. Sexual orientation remains a personal and private matter. Sexual orientation and lawful homosexual conduct (statements, acts or same-sex marriage) are not a basis for separation, reassignment or special consideration. Sailors may inform others of their sexual orientation at their own discretion. In fact, the Department of Defense will not ask service members to identify their sexual orientation.The Department of Defense will not collect or maintain data on an individual’s sexual orientation. This Department of Defense policy on sexual orientation applies equally to all members of the Active, Reserve, and National Guard components of the military. With that being said, what does this mean in relationship to providing worship and counseling services to men and women who can now be open with their lifestyle. Chaplains will continue to have the very same freedom to practice their religion according to the tenets of their faith.In the context of their religious ministry, chaplains are not required to take actions that are inconsistent with their religious beliefs (e. g. , altering the content of sermons or religious counseling, sharing a pulpit with other chaplains or modifying forms of prayer or worship). However, when it comes to ministering to someone who is a homosexual , I feel that it is the pastor’s or chaplain’s duty to do so. The Title â€Å"pastor† suggests two functions of church leaders so designated: nurturing and guidance.The nurturing aspect includes the general Christian responsibility of showing compassion for others, but his responsibility is accentuated because a pastor must set the example. Pastors or Chaplains must indeed set the example. Homosexual or not, that person who seeks counsel is still one of God’s children only in a fallen state. Then again, aren’t we all? We are all still a work in progress. There isn’t a human being on this Earth that has defeated sin or struggle with sin. So I think some compassion is warranted when it comes to ministering to homosexuals.

Guide to Microteaching

Guide to Microteaching Microteaching is a teacher training technique that allows student teachers to practice and refine their teaching skills in a low-risk, simulated classroom environment. The method,  also used for retraining or fine-tuning the skills of practicing teachers,  was developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Dwight Allen at Stanford University. How Microteaching Works Microteaching sessions involve one student teacher, the class instructor (or school supervisor), and a small group of peers. These sessions allow student teachers to practice and polish their teaching techniques in a simulated environment  before putting them into practice with students. Using the teaching method, which was revised and simplified in the late 1980s and early 1990s, student teachers conduct a short lesson (usually 5-20 minutes in length). Microteaching  sessions focus on one teaching skill at a time. This singular focus provides the opportunity for student teachers to master each  technique by  planning and teaching the same lesson multiple times, making  adjustments based on peer and instructor  feedback.   Benefits of Microteaching Microteaching provides ongoing training for student teachers and retraining for classroom teachers in a simulated environment. These practice sessions enable student teachers to perfect their teaching techniques before applying them in the classroom. Microteaching sessions also allow student teachers to prepare for a variety of classroom scenarios, including working with students of different skill levels and socioeconomic backgrounds. Lastly, microteaching provides valuable opportunities for self-evaluation and peer feedback. Disadvantages of Microteaching Microteaching is considered one of the most effective techniques for teacher training, but it does have a few drawbacks. Most significantly, microteaching requires the presence of an instructor and a group of peers, which means that not all student teachers (or current teachers) can consistently complete microteaching sessions. Ideally, microteaching sessions are repeated multiple times so that the student teacher can refine his or her skills. However, in larger education programs, there may not be time for all student teachers to complete multiple sessions. The Microteaching Cycle Microteaching is accomplished cyclically, allowing teachers to practice new skills in order to attain mastery. Classroom Instruction First, student teachers learn the basics of  an individual through lectures,  textbooks, and demonstration (via an instructor or video lessons). Skills studied include communication, explanation, lecturing, and engaging students. They may also include organization, illustrating lessons with examples, and answering student questions. Lesson Planning Next, the student teacher plans a short lesson that will enable her to practice these new skills in a mock classroom situation. Though the classroom environment is simulated, teachers should consider their presentation an actual lesson and present it in an engaging, logical, and understandable manner. Teaching and Feedback The teacher conducts the lesson for her instructor and peer group. The session is recorded so that the student can watch it later for self-evaluation. Immediately following the microteaching session, the teacher receives feedback from her instructor and peers. Peer  feedback should be specific and balanced (include  observations on strengths as well as weaknesses)  with the goal of helping the student teacher improve. It’s helpful for peers to focus on their personal experience using â€Å"I† statements and to provide specific detail in their feedback. For example, when providing constructive criticism, I had trouble hearing you at times is more helpful than â€Å"You need to speak louder.† When offering praise, â€Å"I felt confident commenting because you made eye contact with me† is more helpful than You engage well with students.† Re-plan and Reteach Based on peer feedback and self-evaluation, the student teacher plans the same lesson and teaches it a  second time. The goal is to incorporate feedback from the first  microteaching  session to  master the  skill being practiced. The second teaching session is recorded just like the first. At the conclusion, the instructor and peers offer feedback, and the student teacher can watch the recording for self-evaluation. Microteaching often results in better-prepared, more confident teachers with a strong working understanding of the skills they need in the classroom.

Yalta Conference essays

Yalta Conference essays The Yalta Conference was one of the most important events in history, let alone, this century. It took place from February 4 to February 11, 1945, at Yalta, Crimea, a port/resort. The three main individuals at this meeting were Churchill of Great Britain, Roosevelt of the United States and Stalin of the U.S.S.R, known back then, and now known as Russia. Roosevelt had two primary goals at Yalta, and he secured them both, during the negotiations. One these key objectives was to involve Stalin in the war against Japan. The Americans had lost too many people since the battles fought with Australia against Japan were bloody ones. And, since it was not clear how to defeat the Japanese since they were so devoted to their country (recall the Kamakasi), Roosevelt wanted Russian involvement in the war. His other major objective at the Crimea conference was to ensure the creation of the UN along the lines proposed by the Americans. FDR believed that the UN was the only device that could keep the United States from slipping back into isolationism after WWII(1). After detailed explanations of the UN proposal, by Secretary of State, Edward R. Stettinius, Stalin and Churchill agreed to the guidelines proposed. Because Churchill strongly wanted to have certain countries in the British commonwealth accepted into the UN, Roosevelt was unable to deny Stalin the admission of Soviet Ukrainian and Belorussian republics in the UN.Another very important matter on the table of discussions at Yalta was Poland. Since Poland was a very large country and situated between Germany and Russia. It was also a very will strategically placed country. So, at the Yalta conference it was discussed whether Poland would be allowed to have free elections. Stalin was greatly opposed to having supervised (by th e Americans, British and Soviets) election in Poland and so. Another matter of great importance and Crimea was the reparations to be received fr...

The Decline of Students Writing Skills Causes and Outcomes

The Decline of Students Writing Skills Causes and Outcomes The Decline of Students’ Writing Skills: Causes and Outcomes Writing is still the most common form of evaluating students’ achievements. You must write term papers, coursework, theses, and dissertations to prove that the teachers effort did not go to waste, and that you can acquire knowledge on your own. But something did go to waste, as more and more teachers begin to realize that they spend more time fixing grammar mistakes than focusing on the information related to topic of the work. So, what happened? If the problem keeps getting worse, maybe it’s high time to get to the bottom of it and find out the reasons for weak writing skills. Statistics on Student Writing Skills Numerous studies have been taken involving writing skills of grade-school to college age students. Annual reports from the National Center for Education Statistics show that the SAT mean scores in writing have dropped from 497 to 484 in 9 years (2006 – 2015). It’s already bad that the score is decreasing, but it also never stayed the same two years in a row during this period. Therefore, we can assume that the SAT result in writing will continue to decrease at the same rate. The same statistics show that SAT reading scores have also decreased in the same way. This also contributes to poor writing skills, particularly where analyzing and synthesizing sources is required. Causes of Students Poor Writing Skills Many teachers think that the main reason for poor writing is social media. Student paper writing seems to have shrunk to 140 characters in Twitter. But if you think about it, shouldnt these 140 characters teach young people how to express their thoughts concisely? Maybe the problem is not in the communication services that they use, but rather because they were never taught how to think and write properly. Actually, the basis of the problem lies in the limited skill set students get from secondary and high school education. They were not taught what they are required straight after entering college. Most of the time, high school students dont get to do anything more than argue an opinion in their essays. Analyzing and synthesizing information are neglected. Another point to consider is that more and more students are becoming reticent about sharing something personal, including their point of view on an essay topic. Possible Outcomes and Solutions Poor writing skills influence both employers and their prospective employees. Employers waste hundreds of dollars on training; that is, when they can attract applicants. If you’ve ever searched the job market, you’ve seen the error-filled job descriptions. Those vacancies are certainly not too appealing. On the other hand, if you’re a student looking for a job, writing skills are essential in writing a believable resume or cover letter. And in the future work place, you’ll have to write reports, business letters, and maybe even press-releases. This means you have to be prepared before you even start searching for a job. Writing is a way to communicate your thoughts, feelings and opinions. It’s an essential skill in everyday life, as well. Grade school should be the place to lay the basis for such skills. Considering that students come to colleges and universities unprepared, the grade school system should be altered to raise interest in writing and to develop the basic required knowledge for literacy. In the end, students should be encouraged to write rather than criticized. It’s one thing to evaluate grammar and structure, but if students feel like their personal opinions are evaluated, they’ll be hesitant to express them. Unfortunately, this is what grade school education is lacking today – freedom of expression.

Globally Optimized Operations TLMT 441 Research paper

Globally Optimized Operations TLMT 441 - Research Paper Example Globally optimized operations are increasingly being used by companies in the real world business situation, to enhance their profits. As opposed to the traditional approach of seeking independent opportunities for the improvement of the business operations, companies can increase their profits by considering the various broader subsets of the business and observing how each of the major processes affect each other. For example, a business can in the case of a shop scheduling, a business organization can look a the logistics of the delivery of raw materials for the shop as well as the various details of post production inventory shipping, retailing and marketing. This critically analyzes the concept of global optimized operations with particular focus to its contemporary and future application in logistics and supply chain management. According to Laurence (2009), companies can effectively use global optimization solutions to optimize their operations such as sourcing, production, procurement, production and distribution processes at the same time. Globally optimized operations deals with the sets and functions of the optimization in a given criteria. In this regard, the optimization operations consist of a particular constraint with a set of bounds. In the set of bounds and constraints, the variables being considered are optimized. According Ballou (2007), Supply Chain Management is currently viewed as the management of a set of processes, in whereby each process is made up of activities relevant to achieving a particular objective. For example, some of the major processes in involved in SCM include customer management, customer relationship management, order fulfillment, demand management, supplier relationship management, manufacturing flow management and returns management among others. In global optimized

Animal rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Animal rights - Essay Example In that regard therefore, awareness on the rights of both human beings and animals need to be brought to the attention of the world. After shedding light as to what right entails, the general public then automatically holds the responsibility of asking why. Here, it is realized that the rights of humans are well found on the basis of the animals rights. It is clear that animal rights establish what is termed as a philosophical stand for the human rights, just as is put clear in Reagan’s theory where he considers life as the body of integrity and argues that it is to be protected. The theory further argues on the study by Tuskegee that the liberty of individual beings has to be protected. The moral theory extends this same protection to all sorts of life forms out in there globe. It beats one’s sense of reason when one tries to consider animals in the category of subject of life. Animals are subject-of-life. In reality, common sense should apply in such instances. Firstly, the behavior of both human beings and animals are the same; human beings and animals have a psychological supportive linkage that explains the similarity between the two. Firstly, the behavior of both humans and animals are the same; human beings and animals have a psychological supportive linkage that explains their similarity. It should be noted that if the rights of human beings are founded in the rights of who they are, then the rights of animals are also rooted in the sense of belonging that the human beings share. It is realized that individuals with experimental mind sets have their warfare aspects directly affects matters of their personal character. This sort of interest tends to override the common sense that supports the real aspect of rights. The science of judgment and ethical evaluations are blinded by the struggle to make an outcome from their internal element of success. In the experiment, world’s scientists have a role to

Why object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why object - Essay Example the official purpose of the Census is to count everyone for the purpose of congressional representation.†1 Taxation only with representation is the basis of America’s break from England. The census is also good for tracing statistical data, which helps fight poverty, determines if enough food supplies are available for the current population, and helping people with trace their genealogy. These are some of the helpful uses for the census. The intentions of censuses are good, but censuses can also be deplorable. In America, the census does not just count people for representation; it gathers information on the race of the population. One author states â€Å"It is the United States, however, that has the longest continuous history of placing its entire population into mutually exclusive racial categories based on pseudo-scientific theories."2 Although segregation ended during the Civil Rights Movement, the American census has never caught up. One author even suggests the "Census established the official tradition of collecting racial data. The purpose was far from benign. It is no accident that this decade witnessed the most intense attempts to build a segregated racial order.†3 The categories of race used by the census are wrong. Other organizations could place people in races, but the American Census Bureau should only count people. The consequences of racial grouping can be deadly. Nazi Germany proved that. The Nazis conducted two censuses one in 1933, then one in 1939. Without these censuses, the Nazis would not have been to methodically roundup the Jews, leading to the death of six million.4 If Germany’s 1933 and 1939 censuses would have only counted people, not race, the Nazi’s would have had a harder time in identifying Jews. If used for statistical purposes, or for congressional representation, the census is good. The racial aspect of the census needs to be reconsidered. Like so many other governmental practices in America, the census

Advance system engineering Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advance system engineering - Coursework Example This activity normally connects the technical management effort and the overall acquisition efforts of the system. This is achieved through provision of key events in the development process whereby the design viability can be assessed. The viability of these baselines is a major input for the acquisitions management milestones decisions. It also involves a review of the system design, preliminary design and the critical design of the system. Development usually progresses through three major levels which include the conceptual level, the system level and the subsystem level. The system engineering process is the heart of integrated by Systems Engineering Management. It normally transforms requirements into specifications, architecture and configuration baselines. It is able to provide the control and traceability in order to develop solutions that meet customer needs. During the systems engineering process, the architectures are generated to give a better description and understanding of the system. The third activity involved in integrated by Systems Engineering Management is the lifecycle integration. It is very necessary in order to ensure that the design solution is viable throughout the life of the system it includes the planning associated with product and process development. It normally integrates multiple functional concerns into the process of engineering. The benefits that are realized from the integration of the lifecycle include: Reduction of the product life cycle time and the reduction of the need for redesign. Lifecycle integration is usually achieved through concurrent consideration of all the lifecycle needs during the process of development. An interdisciplinary team is used to enhance concurrent consideration of all the lifecycle needs during the process of integration of Systems Engineering Management. a. Based upon a labor rate of $20,000 a month for a senior engineer

Economy and Agriculture in Russia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economy and Agriculture in Russia - Case Study Example This in turn would be related to the development of agricultural economy and vertical integration of the agricultural market. The discussion here is based on vertical integration of grain agricultural market in transition economies of Eastern Europe (such as Russia) considering both secondary and primary research methods. The deficiencies in research methods are highlighted and the focus is on the agricultural and economic possibilities in Russia and other East European countries. In the context of Russia and other transition economies, it would be essential to analyze whether the Central and Eastern European countries have sustainable levels of agricultural output. However the impediments for emergence of agro food sector may have to be found out (OECD, 1998). The key issues related to structural reforms of the agro food sector especially within transition economies would deal with credit and finance, foreign direct investment, and efficiency matters in the sector. Support levels provided to agricultural companies and initiatives should increase and transition economies are in focus as these globally emerging economies are the ones which will become more important for world markets than the more stable economies. Funke and Ruhwedel (2005) used data from 14 East European transition economies to evaluate the relationship between productivity and economic growth in these regions. The results obtained from trade data suggest that the growth model of East Europea n transition economies may be explained with outward orientation and integration of world economic patterns. Russia's development and economic growth will have to be considered against the 1998 financial crisis that was triggered with the international financial crisis. With the financial crises, declining income and rising prices and inflation led to stockpiling of products for short term needs. Crisis also increased price competitiveness of agriculture and food industry although there has been a reported overall declining performance of the Russian economy after the 1998 crisis, especially within the agro food sector (Serova et al, 1999). The poor institutional settings within Russia and extensive bartering could be detrimental for the economy. Russia follows protectionist measures and measures to counteract food shortages although Serova et al (1999) claim that this may actually increase the inconsistency of Russia's food policies. Seeth et al (1998) draws out on the case of poverty and economic problems in Russia to bring out new dimensions in poverty research, especially within the context of Russia. The urban and rural households in Russia tend to respond to crisis situations and economic stress with increasing dependence on home gardening and subsistence agriculture. Agriculture is especially important for income and food consumption among the middle income strata although the poorer sections of society have very scarce resources and small plots and gardens that may not be adequate for income or food consumption. Household labour force and opportunities available would be some of the main factors that can

Advance system engineering Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advance system engineering - Coursework Example This activity normally connects the technical management effort and the overall acquisition efforts of the system. This is achieved through provision of key events in the development process whereby the design viability can be assessed. The viability of these baselines is a major input for the acquisitions management milestones decisions. It also involves a review of the system design, preliminary design and the critical design of the system. Development usually progresses through three major levels which include the conceptual level, the system level and the subsystem level. The system engineering process is the heart of integrated by Systems Engineering Management. It normally transforms requirements into specifications, architecture and configuration baselines. It is able to provide the control and traceability in order to develop solutions that meet customer needs. During the systems engineering process, the architectures are generated to give a better description and understanding of the system. The third activity involved in integrated by Systems Engineering Management is the lifecycle integration. It is very necessary in order to ensure that the design solution is viable throughout the life of the system it includes the planning associated with product and process development. It normally integrates multiple functional concerns into the process of engineering. The benefits that are realized from the integration of the lifecycle include: Reduction of the product life cycle time and the reduction of the need for redesign. Lifecycle integration is usually achieved through concurrent consideration of all the lifecycle needs during the process of development. An interdisciplinary team is used to enhance concurrent consideration of all the lifecycle needs during the process of integration of Systems Engineering Management. a. Based upon a labor rate of $20,000 a month for a senior engineer

Electrical and Electronic principles Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Electrical and Electronic principles - Lab Report Example When connected to the DC power source, the current flows through the circuit. The potential difference increases while the capacitor is being charged. When the voltage on the terminals is of the capacitors is equal to the power supply voltage, the capacitor is fully charged. When the circuit is disconnected from the power supply, the capacitor is said to be discharging through the resistors. The voltage across the circuits then drops gradually until it is zero. At first, there is very little charge in the circuit. When power is supplied from the DC source, a charge builds up in the both the resistors and the capacitors. It is noted that as the charge increases in the circuit, the current recorded on the circuit gets smaller. From the experiment carried out above, we can learn that the changes in both the voltage and current in a multisim circuit when charging and discharging. The charge Q in a circuit is dependent on the amount of voltage present and in turn this influences the current measured on the circuit. When the amount of charge gets larger, the amount of current measured gets smaller. When discharging, the voltage across the resistors and the capacitors drops gradually until it reduces to zero. The phase angles of both current and the voltage in this circuit have equal but opposite magnitude. The tests carried out in the lab and through simulation of the multisim circuit have been used to demonstrate that these conclusions are true. In conclusion, it has the concept of charging and recharging of multisim circuits has been well understood and all the factors that influence the obtained results have been identified hence the objective has been fully

Criminal Justice Budget Essay Example for Free

Criminal Justice Budget Essay Harris County, in Houston Texas, contains a pretty large population, and a large majority of that population classified as home owners. Harris county’s geographic size is considerably large, with a population estimate exceeding 3,935,855 peoples in 2007 (US Census Bureau, 2009). Furthermore, the percentage of Caucasians is around 73. 6%, with the Black population consisting of 18. 9%, Native Americans exceeding . 6%, Asian persons around 5. 5% and lastly the Hispanic population being around 38. 6% (US Census Bureau, 2009). The land area per 200 square miles is 1,728. Harris County’s current federal spending budget for the year of 2007 is around 21, 152, 659. When determining a budget for Harris County, one important aspect to consider is the county’s retail sales, which is around 39,358,036, displaying the current of industry and economic growth. The federal government spent over 19 billion dollars in 2003 on the war on drugs, at a rate of about 600 dollars per second (www. drugsense. org). The total amount of money spent on the war on drugs at the federal level is about 4,258,600,939, while at the state level 6,536,936,825, totaling over 10,800,600,300 dollars (www. drugsense. com). The failed war on drugs has not stopped drug usage, on the contrary, it has made criminal cartels rich by illegalizing drugs, thus giving them a product to sell, and increased not only the availability and potency of drugs, but, also their rate of usage across the country. For example, after the US has spent over 500 billion dollars to fight drugs, cocaine is now as cheap as it was when kingpin Escobar died and more heavily used, furthermore, methamphetamine, which was barley even a problem in the years following 1993, is now used by over 1. 5 million Americans and is proven to be more addictive than crack (Wells, 2007). The war on drugs has put over 500,000 people behind bars for drug crimes with no discernable effect on the drug trafficking industry, if anything; it has grown (Wells, 2007). When preparing a budget for Harris County, the most important thing that could be done is ending the failed war on drugs, which would save tax payers an estimated 12 billion dollars or more a year. Furthermore, instead of focusing a majority of the states federal budget on building more prisons begin building more universities, and residential communities. I find it interesting to note that the annual cost to tax payers in California to keep and maintain their prisons is around 10 billion per year, if this spending trend continues; California will be spending more on prisons than on universities (Abramsky, 2007). In ending the war on drugs, with the billions that would be saved, tax cuts, business incentives, and an overall increase in the standard of living for the community. Furthermore, instead of building prisons, states could build real, industry that produces’ real goods. References Wells, Ben (2007) How America Lost the War on Drugs Rolling Stone retrieved on March 16, 2009 from http://www. rollingstone. com/news/story/17438347/how_america_lost_the_war_on_drugs Abramsky, Sasha (2007) Prison Crisis: Will California Spend more on jails than Universities? Rights and Liberties retrieved on March 16, 2009 from http://www. alternet. org/rights/65868/? page=entire US Census Bureau (2009) State and County quick facts The US Census Bureau on March 16, 2009 from http://quickfacts. census. gov/qfd/states/48/48201. html Unknown Author (2009) Drug War Clock Drug Sense retrieved on March 16, 2009 from http://www. drugsense. org/wodclock. htm

The Cultural Capital Defined Cultural Studies Essay

The Cultural Capital Defined Cultural Studies Essay The chapter provides a theoretical understanding of cultural capital from the perspective of cultural capital from the perspective of sports consumption. Scholarly journals are reviewed to give readers an understanding of the contribution of cultural capital made in the area of sports. The chapter commences with broad issues concerning the topic and narrowed to focus on the study in Ghana. 2.1 Cultural capital defined Cultural capital surfaced in academic work approximately 25 years ago in the work of Bourdieu and Gouldner, and after that references were made in other fields as evolutionary biology (Cohen, cited in Ahbeysekera et. Al, 2004) a literary criticism (Guillory, 1993). Bourdieu from one angle sees capital as power, in this case the power stems from a communal or structural point which accumulates power for a person to gain an economic advantage in the short or long term (Bourdieu, 1990). From another angle and with reference to linguistic and cultural capital, Bourdieu advances a case that parent of the middle class use cultural capital to propagate and advance their economic fortunes (Bourdieu, 1984). Several studies have attributed cultural capital as being embedded in family background and education and have made connections between value based power and having various types of cultural capital (Gayo-Cal, Savage, and Warde, 2006; Warde, 2006; Warde, Martens, and Olsen. 1999). Bourdieu 1997 identifies the three form of cultural capital as Embodied, Objectified and Institutional cultural capital. Embodied cultural capital is explained as the permanent nature of the mind and body (Bourdieu, 1997). Objectified cultural capital is better explained through its operation. Examples are the interpretation of say, paintings or the ability to play instruments. As Bourdieu point s out one can fully appreciate objectified cultural capital except they can afford its consumption (Bourdieu, 1997; Silva, 2006). This explanation in a way demonstrates how objectified cultural capital is learnt or passed on over time, according to Sullivan, 2001 families with well-resourced cultural capital pass on through a mechanism of hands on tutoring through their free time by attending art exhibitions, theaters, highlighting form the need for education and mannerism. Institutional cultural capital according to Bourdieu is the official and systemized recognition accorded both embodied a nd objectified forms of cultural capital. Through this system the tangible value of the capital is scaled and its extrinsic value made legitimate (Bourdieu, 1997). According to Bourdieu 1984 education through formal means is one of the key sources of cultural capital as teaches learners the intangible values associated with cultural knowledge. The nature of institutional cultural capital in supporting symbolic value shapes and improves society. This form of cultural capital and the social structure it provides makes for a personally advantaged position (Bourdieu and Wacquant, 1992). In looking at the relationship between cultural capital and social status and also showing the essence of rare highbrow cultural capital to social status, a study conducted indicated that high class socio-economic groups had access and could to relate to an array of cultural capital forms compared to the lower groups (Peterson and Kern, 1996). 2.2 Capital and symbolic power According to Bourdieu 1990 power is imagined as symbolic power created through discretionary values associated with various types of economic, social and cultural capital that people own. One of the crucial points that have come out strongly is the link of cultural capital to symbolic power and how this creates distinction; allowing higher social status in society through symbolic capital. According to Bourdieu 1997 symbolic capital creates benefits through tangible properties, such as material acquisitions, which further puts those who own it at an advantage. This claim for higher power is emphasized and legitimized through symbolic capital (Swartz, 1997). As symbolic systems are established within society these structures shape and inform our habitus and consequently create permanent characters learnt over a period that inform the way people think of the social environment and the way people function in it (Bourdieu, 1990; Swartz, 1997; Edwards, 2009). 2.3 Cultural Consumption of Sports Sporting preferences are made on social and cultural reproduction and class lines along the same directions as the preference for music and the arts (Bourdieu 1978; 1984). He mentioned that various sports are pecked differently in the social and cultural hierarchy. Wilson 2002 states that according to Bourdieu (1978; 1984) each sport requires the suitable taste and preference and a peculiar sets of skills and knowledge to partake which he calls cultural capital. Separation among people is created through taste consumption and acts a means of social distinction among people. A group through its taste and preferences can align or disassociate itself from society and can be used to create some status for the niche separating it from the mass appeal taste of the rest of the group. Holt (1998) argues that the things that are valued in domains as the arts and theater attendance are mystified in rituals of taste and consumption. In the quest to improve ones standing in society and better the lifes of their descendants theres is a perpetual pursuit of improving ones social standing in a progressive manner so as to restore the stratified position. DiMaggio and Useem 1978 summed this up by saying accumulated cultural capital improves opportunities in life by turning this capital advantage into social and economic progress in future. The hierarchies within society are crucial in understanding the kind of people that attend high cultural activities (DiM aggio and Useem, 1978; Matty, 2004; Tampubolon, 2007). It has been identified in a couple of research studies that sport is less developed when compared to other consumption fields. Indeed, it was noted by Warde 2006 that Bourdieu acknowledges the essence of sports and body maintenance in the storage and exhibition of cultural capital. Bourdieu also noted that ones sporting appeal is complimentary to their lifestyle and serves as a distinction from others (Warde, 2006). In his study- cultural capital and the place of sports, Warde 2006 revealed that the high class society had taste for rare sports, not only that but Wilson 2002 in his study- paradox of social class and sports involvement, reinforces Bourdieus framework that those with highly accumulated wealth tend to participate in sports largely but also more inclined to dissociate themselves from circular sports. The type of sports chosen by people to participate in cannot entirely be dependent on the cultural resource factors, as noted by Warde 2006 in his English study, gender, age, ethnicity contributed to the pattern of sports participation. Also, there have been overwhelming support provided in literature that beyond cultural capital ones socio-economic position, education, gender influenced their choice of sporting activity (Sturgis and Jackson, 2003; Gayo-Cal, 2006). 2.4 Patterns of Cultural Capital A survey (2003-2004) conducted by the centre for research into socio-economic change (CRESC) UK to examine nature of cultural capital in the UK and the degree to which cultural capital can aggregate or disaggregate social groups. The survey used 1564 respondents and the results revealed a clear distinction taste, cognition and participation in across gender, education and class across cultural fields among others music, visual arts, dining out (Gayo-Cal et al., 2006; Gayo-Cal, Warde, and Tampubolon, 2005). The groups that had higher education and those within higher social class were highly involved in cultural activity than their lower level counterparts respectively in the area of education and social class. There were indication from the preliminary results that education and the hierarchy of occupation was passed onto generations such that parents with high education ensure that their children get equal or if not better opportunities to ensure better opportunities and rewarding j obs (Gayo-Cal et al., 2006). Along work lines, Bennett et al. 2011 established that employers, managers and professionals are well informed on cultural artifacts in its widest form by lower class with a higher degree of cultural education whether formal or informal. This point was reinforced by Erickson 1996 that managers tend to be more informed on relatively more cultural domains due to their professional function to interact with more people. There is suggestion that occupations embrace professionals with compatible cultural capital merit as the professional are able to appreciate and comprehend occupation standards (Sommerland, 2007) and the amount of cultural capital held can be important (Peterson and Kern, 1996). 2.5 Cultural Capital and Sports It is often usual to see some kind of sports activity in societies irrespective of the part of the world and this can be attributed to wanting to associate with a group. According to Etizen and Sage 2003 sports is counted as part of the few human activities that can bond a community in any part of the world. Weiss 2001 concedes that few people participate in sports for wellbeing but for the majority it is as a result of the quest to align and identify with others and also reinforce their personalities. Consequently sports can be engaged so as to establish ones cultural identity (Stodolska and Alexandris, 2004). Contrary to the above sports can be used as a catalyst for exclusion and propagate selectivity among groups and people. Culturally popular sports are recognized and given more attention giving them more social capital and power (Light and Kirk 2001). For instance social groups including families reproduce social advantages through private school attendance which is recognized for its exclusivity (Light and Kirk, 2001). The absence of partaking in any sports activity is tantamount to societal isolation and this result in anti-social tendencies that pave the way on cutting ones chances of socialization, education and professional ascension (Majumdar, 2003). Cricket in India is a good example of such marked exclusion. Corporate sponsors have branded the game as elitist and the sole preserve of the educated and affluent sine post-independence (Majumdar, 2003). Corporate Institutions have clear policies for player recruitment and they attach a great deal of importance to education; this also is a criteria in terms of their reward system as the level of ones education affects how much salary one receives. There is monopoly through high fees from cricket clubs preventing the less privileged to have access to the sports (Majumbar, 2003). It is paramount to appreciate what leads to the association of particular groups of people with certain sports activities and its function in the reproduction of socio-eco nomic differences in a society (Washington and Karen, 2001). Ii is the duty of incumbent spots managers to ascertain the relationship between sports participation and socio-cultural capital in order to phantom how to equalize this inequality and give the less privileged adequate representation if desired. Globalization has marginalized traditional cultures and ethnic social systems and promoting identical societies (Hochschild, 2006). Despite this global approach of uniformity and the expression of western views sports can also promote the minority groups by playing a role in maintaining foreign identities and keeping dominant national ties (Giossos, 2008; Lee, 2006). International sporting activities like the Olympics, Commonwealth games and FIFA worldcup are avenues for fans and participants to establish and exhibit their cultural affiliation (Yoh, Yang and Gordon, 2008). 2.6 Sports fans and consumption A fan is passionate and committed of a particular sports consumptive object (Hunt, Bristol and Bashaw, 1999). In this regard a fan is a consumer of an organize sport. The term committed shows the level of attachment fans associate with the sports. Fans are also driven to act for the sport. A sport consumption object can be the sport, team or even the organized leaque or personalities like players, coaches/ managers, commentators who are strongly associated with a sport. Several fans exist as they differ in their behavior and motivation (Hunt, Bristol and Bashaw, 1999). Current concepts have focused on team performance as the main driver of fan behavior (Cialdidni et al., 1976; Grove et al., 1991; Mann, 1974; Wann and Dolan, 1994). Our appreciation sports fan is limited and fan motivation and its consequent behavior extend teams and certain situations have no connection to team performance (Fisher and Wakefield, 1998). In addition, most studies have concentrated on ticket sales and game attendance as the ultimate goal in the exchange between sports marketers and fans. Beyond this, sports marketing involve corporate sponsorship, sports prafenelia, sovenirs, stadia branding, sports publications and others (Bandyopadhyaya and Bottone, 1997). Thus the need to shift research study into other areas to fill the gaps identified in fan behavior and consumption. 2.7 Sports consumption- fandom and cults in sports Fan is the short version of fanatic and entreats religion in sporting contest and competitions (Borland and Macdonald, 2003). Fandom is part of the system of sports instituted so that people can be part of the game without partaking (Branscombe et al., 1991). The concept inspires social advantages as togetherness, belongingness and fraternity but also self-esteem (Zillman et al., 1993). Fans get ecstatic by the mere fact that they are fans (Kimble and Cooper, 1992). This passion and energy which is transformed into the mood of the fans is determined by the sport they are supporting and the outcome of a game lingers onto other unrelated activities immediately after (Hirt et al., 1992). He also defines fandom as an association to a sport/ team with great deal of emotional importance and treasure from this membership (Hirt et al., 1992). A follower of sport does not translate to mean they are fans (Funk and James, 2001). Further distinction is provided on what constitutes a follower and a fan of sports, followers witness a game without much attachment but fans are passionate in supports and transcends beyond watching a game, they are committed on a daily basis (Jones, 1997). Several distinctions have been made between who a follower of a sport is compared to a fan and this borders on the degree of emotional attachment and level of commitment offered by the supporter (Anderson, 1979; Hunt et al., 1999; Stewart and Smith, 1997; Tapp and Clowes, 2002; Pimentel and Reynolds, 2004). According to Wann and Pierce (2003) the accuracy of measurement of the level of identification/commitment is essential to sports psychologists and marketers due to the fact that the degrees of response of sports fans are usually a function of their commitment and level of association with the sport. Sports consumption creates fandom as seen above and this has the tendencies of creating cults in sports. As witnessed earlier in the section being a part of like-minded people is rewarding and one of the key ingredients of cult and cult brands is that they maintain the distinction that keeps their members together (Atkins, 2004) and therefore alienate others by this same argument. On the surface it may seem that cult is non-existent in the domain of sports as this is usually associated to religion. It has been argued that sports is competitive, versatile and a personal activity contrary to religion which is grounded on a communal system and is non-competitive in nature (Prebish, 1993). A sport is likened to religion and because it is rooted in a natural cause (Novak, 1995). Further, Brody (1979) that the joint nature of supporters of organized sports is partly religious in nature. The important point is how groupings are created and the resulting in exclusion of others. According to Percy and Taylor (1991) followers of teams maintain rituals of essential symbolic artifacts as apparels, food and type of allies they choose which are sacred in the ritual of sports. 2.8 Sports Affiliation Membership of a group is driven by the aspiration to keep a distinction from other social groups (Madrigal, 2002). An aspect of membership identification and affiliation is the act of rites such as gathering souvenirs, match attendance and considering the sport as part of ones identity. There is strength and a sense of identity in associating with a group. There is difficulty in creating self-images in the absence of group association (Tajfel, 1982). Closer ties with a group allow individuals to borrow the positive traits of a group for oneself and take on more commonality with others within the group (Fisher and Wakefield, 1998; Tajfel and Turner, 1986). Cultural capital is gained by sports fans through the adoption of labels (Richardson, 2004) from the group- the appreciation of how to consume in the socially sanctioned manner. 2.9 History of Ghana Sports The subject of cultural capital and Ghana sports can be located in the countrys sporting history and particularly football and the love the people of Ghana have for the game. Ghana has a rich football heritage with a great deal of chronicled successes, includes memorable milestones as producing Arthur Wharton, the first black professional footballer in the English game (Ghanaian Times. 2011: 29); Ghana won the African Cup of Nations football tournament four times. Football clubs like Accra Hearts of Oak have chalked over 100 years with enviable local and continental record: Hearts won the first ever football league in Ghana, an unprecedented six consecutive occasions, an unbeaten season and three continental- Confederations of Africa (CAF) trophies (Daily Graphic, 2012:31). Football is a competitive sport in Ghana attracting huge following and its nature of consumption is diverse. Football has produced fan groups along ethnic and regional lines in the country and families have a gene ration of loyalty to particular clubs. Above all, sports in Ghana tend to follow Bourdieus idea of distinction in consumption by virtue of ones cultural capital and appreciation of a sport. Golf, has only received some attention in the country in recent years due to the enormous attraction it receives from corporate institutions. Golf is second to football as far as private sector sponsorship funds is concerned (Anonymous, 2007). The overarching institution in charge of sports in the country is the National sports and came to effect through a presidential declaration. The National sports council is in place to improve, promulgate, and manage sports in the country with aim of fostering nationalism and professionalism that drives consistent wealth creation and infrastructural improvement (Anonymous, 2007). It is interesting to note that a similar institution the Gold Coast Amateur Sports Council existent in the Gold Coast, then Ghana established under the enactment of Ordinance 14, 1952 (www.sportscouncil.com.gh).

The Global Warming Debate Essay -- Climate Change Debate, 2015

"Global warming is not a conqueror to kneel before - but a challenge to rise to. A challenge we must rise to." -- Joe Lieberman INTRODUCTION Global warming is a controversial environmental topic in today’s society. Global warming is when greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide) act as a blanket that insulates the earth and prevents heat from escaping into space, which in turn causes the global temperature to rise. This â€Å"greenhouse effect† is a naturally occurring phenomenon; without it, the earth would be too cold for any life to inhabit. However, due to fossil fuel burning and other human activities, there is an excess amount of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere. Even though there is significant evidence of global warming, there are still skeptics whom believe that global warming is not occurring. BACKROUND INFORMATION Global warming is an increase in the earth’s temperature due to the use of fossil fuels and certain industrial and agricultural processes, which lead to a buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Fossil fuels are energy-rich substances that have formed from long-buried plants and microorganisms. They provide most of the energy that powers modern society. Fossil fuels include petroleum, coal and natural gases. Petroleum or crude oil, is a naturally occurring oily, bituminous liquid composed of various organic materials. Coal is a solid, dark-colored fuel found in deposits of sedimentary rock. It is burned to produce energy and is used to manufacture steel. Natural gases are any combustible gaseous mixture used as fuel to produce energy for domestic or industrial use. ... ...e Backlash Against Global Warming Has Begun.† The Economist. â€Å"Sample Errors and Biases in the Global Warming Theory.† . Date accessed: 12 April 2000. â€Å"Still Waiting for the Greenhouse.† . Date accessed: 12 April 2000. Taubes, Gary, â€Å"Apocalypse Not.† Science, Nov 7, 1997. â€Å"Trends.† EPA Global Warming Site Climate. . Date accessed: 8 April 2000. â€Å"Vector and Zoonotic Illnesses.† . Date accessed: 7 April 2000. â€Å"What Future Changes in Climate Can We Expect.† . Date accessed: 12 April 2000. Joe Lieberman Quote http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/global_warming.html#H2fdTgav5l6VVGt8.99

Overcoming Obstacles

Overcoming Obstacles What is life? Life consists of experiences, challenges, and achievements; all of which are building blocks that essentially create ones path to success. In one’s lifetime they can experience tough and difficult challenges. Sometimes these challenges become unbearable, especially when the odds are against you. However, going against all odds is something everyone is capable of doing, and to overcome these challenges everyone needs to have a â€Å"never quit† attitude in life. If we develop it, we'll overcome quite a bit.Many people all around the world face challenges and obstacles every day in their daily lives. One man in particular is Nic Sheff; a man who was a drug addict and wrote an autobiography called â€Å"Tweak†. In this book, Nic describes himself as a drug addict who spends all his money on drugs instead of food and bills. The main person that had a bad influence in his life was an older woman named Zelda. Nic liked being with her because he saved her from her ex-husband. However, at the end of the book, Nic’s parents made a decision for him to go back into rehab in Arizona.Nic always said that he has done a twelve step programs and went into rehab so many times that nothing changed. But at the last program, it was different, Nic turned into whole different person, finally loving him and life. Also, in the book Nic explains how he faces different obstacles and has an extremely difficult time staying sober. But in the end, because he didn’t give up it did pay off in his future. He became a more successful person and a writer who now shares his experiences of his childhood to prevent other teens into getting into the kind of lifestyle he did.Nick isn’t the only one who faces these kinds of problems and challenges. About 570,000 people die annually due to drug abuse. Illegal use of drugs is most common among young adults who are ages 18 to 25 years old and that can change who they are as the y grow up, financially and mentally. After a person takes drugs and are addicted to it there are certain thoughts and views that society has of them. Society doesn’t usually think of drug addicts as â€Å"good people† and they end up losing their respect and reputation as they grow up.If these teens and young adults don’t change who they are when they are young, they won’t be able to fix themselves as they grow older which can be a bad influence. Bad habits start as a kid and if you don’t change those habits you won’t be able to when you get older! Many people face challenges and obstacles at a very young age and that can change who they are as they grow up. My grandma faced a very harsh and unfortunate childhood. Her father died when she was 17 and that changed her life and her future. It meant she was given many responsibilities since she was the eldest out of her siblings.She had to do many house chores such as cooking, washing the clothe s and dishes and waking up early in the morning to get water from a nearby well every day! This placed a very large obstacle in her life at a very young age. She had to leave school at a very young age because of all the responsibilities she was given and had to overcome these obstacles and face them with great integrity. But due to these obstacles that she has overcome, it has changed who she is now. She struggled in life right from when she was just a little kid. But if she hadn’t overcome these obstacles she wouldn’t have been a very independent woman like she is today.If her father hadn’t died when she was young, she probably would have had a completely different future and lifestyle, not worrying about anything and going to school and having a better education. Lastly she overcame these obstacles and that changed her attitude and her character. All the experiences of my childhood have shaped me into the person I am today. I wouldn't have been the same kind of person I am today if it wasn't for all the challenges and obstacles I faced and overcame. Fortunately for me I didn’t have wake up every day concerned about what I'm going to eat and make money and survive another day.Some unfortunate people struggle in their daily lives just to just to survive! Those people definitely would have different characteristics than me because I don’t have to work right now, instead just focus on my education, go to school and depend on my parents for getting my things I need and providing the basic survival needs and fulfilling my wants. I face challenges in my life too. An example is waking up early in the morning to get ready for school, even though it’s a very minor thing, it can sure have a huge impact. It impacts my life because then I wouldn’t be ready for school on time and I would be late for class very day and miss the beginning on class which slowly can add up and bite me on a test or assignment. We all face many different challenges and obstacles and we have to overcome them in order to make ourselves a better person. Even if it’s very easy to overcome, you must be determined to succeed. As a little kid I always did my homework. As soon as I got home I would finish my homework before doing anything but after a few years, that wasn’t the case anymore. I would usually procrastinate and leave my homework till the last day and I usually wouldn’t do a good job.As my report cards arrived I got an â€Å"S† in the homework section meaning satisfactory. My parents were furious because they trusted me and believed I would finish my homework but then found out I was actually wasn’t and not doing a very good job on it. For the next few years it impacted my life because my parents would check my agenda every day and sign off to indicate to my teacher that parents saw my homework and checked that I actually did it. This was an obstacle in my life because I would have to finish my homework and then I was allowed to watch T. V or go out.I didn’t like this at all but in order to overcome this obstacle and gain my parents trust back, I would have to do my homework. So after that day I always did my homework and eventually got an â€Å"E† in the homework section indicating excellent and gaining back my parents trust. If I had given up, I would have this obstacle hurting me like a needle for a few more years and my parents would constantly be watching me and making sure I was doing my work and I was on task, which isn’t a good thing. Also I wouldn’t be able to change as I grow older because if you don’t get rid of bad habits they can last forever.In conclusion, it is very important to overcome obstacles because if you don’t, it could have a negative impact on who you are. Life is like a rollercoaster, you will never know what challenges and obstacles you will face in life but you have to hold and make sure you o vercome these obstacles without giving up! Live has its ups and downs, but hold your head high and face those obstacles and overcome them with great determination. There are many trials ahead, be a person who had indwelling desire to succeed, and believe failure was not and never could be an option. Overcoming Obstacles Overcoming Obstacles What is life? Life consists of experiences, challenges, and achievements; all of which are building blocks that essentially create ones path to success. In one’s lifetime they can experience tough and difficult challenges. Sometimes these challenges become unbearable, especially when the odds are against you. However, going against all odds is something everyone is capable of doing, and to overcome these challenges everyone needs to have a â€Å"never quit† attitude in life. If we develop it, we'll overcome quite a bit.Many people all around the world face challenges and obstacles every day in their daily lives. One man in particular is Nic Sheff; a man who was a drug addict and wrote an autobiography called â€Å"Tweak†. In this book, Nic describes himself as a drug addict who spends all his money on drugs instead of food and bills. The main person that had a bad influence in his life was an older woman named Zelda. Nic liked being with her because he saved her from her ex-husband. However, at the end of the book, Nic’s parents made a decision for him to go back into rehab in Arizona.Nic always said that he has done a twelve step programs and went into rehab so many times that nothing changed. But at the last program, it was different, Nic turned into whole different person, finally loving him and life. Also, in the book Nic explains how he faces different obstacles and has an extremely difficult time staying sober. But in the end, because he didn’t give up it did pay off in his future. He became a more successful person and a writer who now shares his experiences of his childhood to prevent other teens into getting into the kind of lifestyle he did.Nick isn’t the only one who faces these kinds of problems and challenges. About 570,000 people die annually due to drug abuse. Illegal use of drugs is most common among young adults who are ages 18 to 25 years old and that can change who they are as the y grow up, financially and mentally. After a person takes drugs and are addicted to it there are certain thoughts and views that society has of them. Society doesn’t usually think of drug addicts as â€Å"good people† and they end up losing their respect and reputation as they grow up.If these teens and young adults don’t change who they are when they are young, they won’t be able to fix themselves as they grow older which can be a bad influence. Bad habits start as a kid and if you don’t change those habits you won’t be able to when you get older! Many people face challenges and obstacles at a very young age and that can change who they are as they grow up. My grandma faced a very harsh and unfortunate childhood. Her father died when she was 17 and that changed her life and her future. It meant she was given many responsibilities since she was the eldest out of her siblings.She had to do many house chores such as cooking, washing the clothe s and dishes and waking up early in the morning to get water from a nearby well every day! This placed a very large obstacle in her life at a very young age. She had to leave school at a very young age because of all the responsibilities she was given and had to overcome these obstacles and face them with great integrity. But due to these obstacles that she has overcome, it has changed who she is now. She struggled in life right from when she was just a little kid. But if she hadn’t overcome these obstacles she wouldn’t have been a very independent woman like she is today.If her father hadn’t died when she was young, she probably would have had a completely different future and lifestyle, not worrying about anything and going to school and having a better education. Lastly she overcame these obstacles and that changed her attitude and her character. All the experiences of my childhood have shaped me into the person I am today. I wouldn't have been the same kind of person I am today if it wasn't for all the challenges and obstacles I faced and overcame. Fortunately for me I didn’t have wake up every day concerned about what I'm going to eat and make money and survive another day.Some unfortunate people struggle in their daily lives just to just to survive! Those people definitely would have different characteristics than me because I don’t have to work right now, instead just focus on my education, go to school and depend on my parents for getting my things I need and providing the basic survival needs and fulfilling my wants. I face challenges in my life too. An example is waking up early in the morning to get ready for school, even though it’s a very minor thing, it can sure have a huge impact. It impacts my life because then I wouldn’t be ready for school on time and I would be late for class very day and miss the beginning on class which slowly can add up and bite me on a test or assignment. We all face many different challenges and obstacles and we have to overcome them in order to make ourselves a better person. Even if it’s very easy to overcome, you must be determined to succeed. As a little kid I always did my homework. As soon as I got home I would finish my homework before doing anything but after a few years, that wasn’t the case anymore. I would usually procrastinate and leave my homework till the last day and I usually wouldn’t do a good job.As my report cards arrived I got an â€Å"S† in the homework section meaning satisfactory. My parents were furious because they trusted me and believed I would finish my homework but then found out I was actually wasn’t and not doing a very good job on it. For the next few years it impacted my life because my parents would check my agenda every day and sign off to indicate to my teacher that parents saw my homework and checked that I actually did it. This was an obstacle in my life because I would have to finish my homework and then I was allowed to watch T. V or go out.I didn’t like this at all but in order to overcome this obstacle and gain my parents trust back, I would have to do my homework. So after that day I always did my homework and eventually got an â€Å"E† in the homework section indicating excellent and gaining back my parents trust. If I had given up, I would have this obstacle hurting me like a needle for a few more years and my parents would constantly be watching me and making sure I was doing my work and I was on task, which isn’t a good thing. Also I wouldn’t be able to change as I grow older because if you don’t get rid of bad habits they can last forever.In conclusion, it is very important to overcome obstacles because if you don’t, it could have a negative impact on who you are. Life is like a rollercoaster, you will never know what challenges and obstacles you will face in life but you have to hold and make sure you o vercome these obstacles without giving up! Live has its ups and downs, but hold your head high and face those obstacles and overcome them with great determination. There are many trials ahead, be a person who had indwelling desire to succeed, and believe failure was not and never could be an option.

Hedonism Definition Essay

Hedonism as a philosophy defines â€Å"the good† in terms of pleasure and pain, and is the worldview that holds to the doctrine that pleasure is the greatest good. Now, who wouldn’t define pleasure as good? Aren’t we all by this definition Hedonists? Here is where those three little letters, â€Å"i-s-m† make their impact. As we have learned, the suffix â€Å"-ism† transforms a word into a title for an entire life and world view. Hedonism indicates a system of thought, a lense through which to view the universe in which the â€Å"summum bonum†, the â€Å"highest good† of man and the ultimate purpose of his being is found in the enjoyment of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. So what is sought for under this system, constantly and continuously is the increase of pleasure and the decrease of pain. The roots of Hedonism can be traced back to the fifth century BC to the ancient Greek school of the Cyrenaics. The Cyrenaics were named after their native city of Cyrene in North Africa. Their focus on the pleasure of the moment as the supreme good reflected a general skepticism: Only immediate sensations can be known. Concern with the past or the future causes uncertainty and anxiety, and should therefore be avoided. Gross excess and reckless abandon in sexuality and the use of alcohol are associated with this particular philosophical principal. Greek religious devotion to the god Dionysius and later Roman celebrations of the Bacchanalia, orgiastic festivals honoring Bacchus, the god of wine are similar manifestations of a Cyrenaic-style Hedonism. In these cases, the celebrant sought liberation from every-day inhibitions and a mystical experience of ecstasy, aided at times by temple prostitutes. The Epicurean school of hedonistic philosophy might be looked on as the next stage of Hedonism. Named after its founder, Epicurus, and started around 306 BC, Epicureanism was a more moderate variety of the seeking of pleasure, recognizing the problem of: The Hedonistic Paradox If you don’t achieve what is sought, you lose by frustration, if you do achieve what is sought, you lose by boredom. Either way, pleasure is not consistently attained. Therefore Epicureans sought not necessarily the â€Å"maximum† pleasure, but instead the â€Å"optimum† pleasure, all things considered. Too much wine leads to a hangover, not euphoria. So the balanced enjoyment of pleasure was the means by which Epicureans sought to achieve philosophical ataraxia, or peace of mind. The term â€Å"epicurean† is even in use today as denoting a person of exquisite tastes and gourmet palate, enjoying the finer things in life in a refined and sophisticated manner. Hedonism capitalizes on the natural attraction to pleasure and aversion to pain with which we, as feeling creatures, are naturally endowed. Turning the pursuit of pleasure into an ultimate standpoint of value, the hedonist determines the very meaning of â€Å"goodness† in terms of pain and pleas ure. Modern forms of Hedonism can be clearly seen, along with their consequences in our social environment. The modern pursuit of happiness, redefined as the pursuit of euphoria, has resulted in extreme expressions of escapism such as drug abuse and alcoholism affecting even the youngest members of society. â€Å"Happiness† has been translated almost exclusively into the category of â€Å"feelings†. The function of the word â€Å"feelings† in contemporary culture has undergone a radical change. The concept is so pervasive that standard traditional forms of language, categorical propositions and prefatory statements about theoretical thought have changed to accommodate this word. How often have you heard someone state the following?: â€Å"I feel that you are mistaken†, or, â€Å"I feel that (this or that) is wrong.† What is actually being talked about here is not a feeling, it’s a cognitive process, it’s thinking. That is not to say that feelings are unimportant; feelings are a vital part of what it means to be human. For the work of the physician, counselor or the psychologist feelings are a totally appropriate category to investigate. In inter-personal relationships you’d better be dealing with the issues of feelings or chances are you’re not communicating very well. Feeling, however is not the same thing as thinking. The concept has so permeated our culture that people are talking about feeling ideas and feeling thoughts. Largely due to â€Å"pop psychology† we have become obsessed with the analysis of our moods, which is a focus on our feelings. How has this impacted our lives? If you are a thinking person you already know the answer to that question. Assuming you’ve been awake at some point during the last thirty years, you already know about the â€Å"drug culture†; you live in it. You’ve heard the statistics on teenage alcoholism. You’ve seen the â€Å"sexual revolution†, and its results. The accepted definition of the word â€Å"promiscuity† prior to the 1960’s was :†Sexual involvement with more than one person outside the bonds of marriage†. The â€Å"liberated† Helen Gurley Brown gave us a new definition: â€Å"Having sexual relations with more than one person in the same day.† Are you aware that the divorce rate in the United States is estimated at fifty percent? It is when we buy into the doctrine that life is to be lived to escape pain, including responsibility for anything uncomfortable that we begin to feel the impact of a philosophy of radical Hedonism. By saying the avoidance of pain and the pursuit of pleasure is â€Å"the good† (not just ‘good’, but â€Å"The Good†), Hedonism is making a value judgement, which in the hierarchical structure of philosophy produces a system of ethics, which in turn produces behavior patterns of morality. These are the cultural, ethical and philosophical reasons for the changes we have seen in society. As in all forms of philosophy based in secularism, Hedonism removes the Transcendent, destroys any Ultimate basis for Truth and Goodness, and leaves us with â€Å"feelings†, preferences, and a totally subjective basis for ethics and morality. http://www.angelfire.com/az/experiment/hedonism.html

Chronic Disease In St Lucia Health And Social Care Essay

Chronic disease is a disease of a long continuance and by and large slow patterned advance ( WHO, 2010 ) . The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics states that a chronic disease is one enduring 3 months or more. These chronic diseases usually can non be prevented by vaccinums or cured by medicine, nor do they merely disappear. Chronic diseases are chiefly caused by three major hazard factors – baccy usage, hapless eating wonts and physical inaction. Majority of these hazard factors are themselves worsened by hapless socioeconomic determiners, such as deficiency of instruction and poorness. Most frequently these determiners are a indicant of the chief forces driving societal, economic and cultural passage, including globalization, urbanization and an ageing populations. Chronic diseases are impacting population wellness as the epidemiological passage advancements and are the lead cause of mortality worldwide and pose increasing jobs for the load of disease and quality of life in developed and developing states ( WHO, 2003 ) . Non catching diseases include a wide scope of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, malignant neoplastic diseases, chronic respiratory disease, mental-health jobs and musculo- skeletal upsets. The first four mentioned above history for about 50 % of mortality globally, and portion behavioral hazard factors, such as extra Calorie ingestion, diets high in saturated and transfatty acids, inordinate consumption of intoxicant, physical inaction, and baccy smoke. Approximately 35 million people have died from bosom disease, shot, malignant neoplastic disease and other chronic diseases in the twelvemonth 2005. The loads of these diseases are every bit shared among work forces and adult females, and are more prevailin g in people under the age 70 ( WHO, 2004 ) . 80 % of chronic disease deceases occur in low and in-between income states. Figure 1: Global distribution of entire deceases ( 58 million ) by cause in 2005. The age-specific decease rates between the old ages 2005 – 2015 are projected to fluctuate somewhat, Nevertheless, the ageing populations will ensue in an overall addition in chronic disease decease rates for all ages combined. In 2005, all chronic diseases account for 72 % of the entire planetary load of disease in the population aged 30 old ages and older. The entire lost old ages of healthy life due to chronic diseases, as measured by DALYs, are greater in grownups aged 30-59 old ages than for ages 60 old ages and older. More than 80 % of the load of chronic diseases occurs in people under the age of 70 old ages. Table 1: Projected planetary deceases and load of disease due to chronic disease by age 2005- 2015 Deaths ( Million ) DALYs ( 1000000s ) Deaths per 10000 DALYs per 100000 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 0-29 old ages 17 15 220 219 48 40 6320 5994 30-59 old ages 7 8 305 349 311 297 13304 13375 60-69 7 8 101 125 1911 1695 27965 26396 a†°?70 20 24 99 116 6467 6469 32457 31614 All ages 35 41 725 808 549 577 11262 11380 World Health Organization undertakings that, globally, NCD deceases will increase by 17 % over the following 10 old ages. The greatest addition of 27 % and 25 % severally will be seen in the African part and the Eastern Mediterranean part ( WHO, )1.2 Types of chronic diseases1.2.1Cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular disease CVD is the term used by the scientific community to encompass non merely conditions of the bosom [ ischaemic bosom disease ( IHD ) , valvular, muscular, and inborn bosom disease but besides high blood pressure and conditions affecting the cerebral, carotid, and peripheral circulation. The hazard of CVD is related to diet, physical activity, and organic structure ( ) . The forms of nutrient supplies and of nutrient and nutrition that modify the hazard of CVD are besides good known. Whereas CVD was one time mostly confined to high-income states, it is now the figure one cause of decease worldwide every bit good as in low- and middle-income states, where 80 per centum of the universe ‘s 13 million one-year CVD deceases occur. And at least 21 million old ages of disability-adjusted life old ages ( or DALYs, a step of future productive life ) are lost globally because of CVD each twelvemonth. The huge bulk of CVD can be attributed to conventional hazard factors such as baccy usage, high blood force per unit area, high blood glucose, lipid abnormalcies, fleshiness, and physical inaction. Cardiovascular diseases are major cause of chronic disease decease and were accounted for of 17 million deceases in 2002. It is estimated that by the twelvemonth 2030, 24 million will decease of CVD, of which 80 % will happen in low and in-between income states ( 5 ) .1.2.2 CancerCancer is a major and turning disease load worldwide. The figure of new malignant neoplastic disease instances is projected to increase from 10 million in 2000 to 15 million in 2020, 9 million of which would be in developing states. The epidemiology of malignant neoplastic disease in developing states clearly differs from that in developed states in of import respects. While developed states frequently have comparatively high rates of lung, colorectal, chest, and prostate malignant neoplastic disease ( some of which is tied to tobacco usage, occupational carcinogens, and diet and lifestyle ) , up to 25 % of malignant neoplastic diseases in developing states is associated with chronic infections. Seven types of malignant neoplastic diseases account for about 60 per centum of all freshly diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease instances and malignant neoplastic disease deceases in developing states: cervical, liver, tummy, esophageal, lung, colorectal, and chest.1.2.3 Respiratory DiseasesChronic grownup respiratory diseases-such as chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) and asthma-are a major and turning load in footings of morbidity and mortality in the underdeveloped universe. COPD ( which includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and clogging air passages disease ) is mostly linked with coffin nail smoke every bit good as exposure to unvented coal-burning cookery ranges ; it accounts for 2 per centum of lost DALYs on a world-wide footing.1.2.4 Diabetes MellitusDiabetes affects people worldwide and is one of the oldest diseases known. There are two common types of this disease: type 1and type 2 diabetes. Type-1 diabetes histories for 5-10 % of all diagnosed diabetes. Type-2 diabetes is the most common signifier of diabetes. It accounts for 90-95 % of diagnosed diabetes. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimated the world-wide prevalence of diabetes in grownups to be around 173 million in 2002 and predicted that there will be at least 350 million people with Type 2 diabetes by 2030. At present about two-thirds of individuals with diabetes live in developing states and the bulk of new instances will arise from these countries. The planetary addition in the incidence of diabetes is related to high degrees of fleshiness associated with a alteration from traditional diets, decreasing degrees of physical activity, population ripening and increasing urbanisation. Diabetess Mellitus is the most prevailing signifier of diabetes on the planetary graduated table ( 6 ) . For the past few decennaries, Diabetes Mellitus has reached epidemic proportions in many parts of the universe. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) has predicted the planetary prevalence of all Diabetes will increase from 194 million in 2003 to 330 million in the twelvemonth 2030 ( 7 ) .1.2.5 High blood pressureAnother normally happening chronic disease is high blood pressure. High blood force per unit area increases the hazard of bosom disease and shot. Hypertension is sustained high blood force per unit area ( a†°?140/90mmHg ) . Blood force per unit area itself is the force per unit area exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vass. Each clip the bosom beats ( about 60-70 times a minute at remainder ) , it pumps blood into the arterias. Blood force per unit area is at its highest when the bosom beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic blood force per unit area. When the bosom is at remainder, between beats, blood force per unit area falls. This is diastolic force per unit area. Blood force per unit area itself is non harmful – it is indispensable as it is the force that drives blood through the blood vass to provide O and foods to the organic structure ‘s variety meats and tissues and transport off godforsaken stuffs. However, when blood force per unit area becomes excessively high it has detrimental effects on about every portion of the organic structure and can take to serious unwellness and decease. Hypertension is an of import public wellness challenge worldwide because of its prevalence and its function as a hazard factor for cardiovascular disease. Some of the hazard factors of high blood pressure include fleshiness, intoxicant, household history, and smoke. There are two types of high blood pressure, viz. primary high blood pressure and secondary high blood pressure. Primary high blood pressure is more common, happening in 90-95 % of the high blood pressure population. There is no identifiable cause and it develops bit by bit over many old ages. Secondary high blood pressure occurs in 5-10 % of the high blood pressure population. ( ) In the twelvemonth 2000 it was estimated that the entire figure of grownups with high blood pressure was 972 million. Of these, 333 million were estimated to be in developed states and 639 million in developing states ( 0 ) . Kearney PM et al. , predicted that by the twelvemonth 2025, the figure of people with high blood pressure will increase by about 60 % to a sum of 1.56 billion. ( Kearney PM et al. , 2005 ) the grounds are the go oning population addition and alterations in life style, which includes a diet high in sugar and high-fat processed nutrients and sedentarism.1.3 Impact of chronic disease in the CaribbeanCaribbean states are in epidemiological passage, where non merely nutritionary lacks have well declined but infective diseases have besides been vanishing. However, over the last 30 old ages, nutrition-related chronic non-communicable diseases have easy emerged as the major public wellness jobs. Non-communicable diseases ( NCDs ) have bit by bit displaced catching disea ses in the Caribbean. Ratess of chronic non-communicable disease such as diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and malignant neoplastic disease have been increasing in the Caribbean and are the taking cause of mortality and mobility in the part ( Ragoobirsinghet al. , 1995, 2002 ; Wilkset al. , 1998, 1999 ; Figueroaet al. , 1999 ; Rotimi et al. , 1999 ; Cruickshanket al. , 2001, Figueroa, 2001 ; Sargeantet al. , 2001 ; Henniset al. , 2002a, B ; Corbinet al. , 2004 ; Wolfeet al. , 2006 ) . Of concern is the fact that while the prevalence and mortality rates of these diseases are highest in the aged, they are non restricted to any one age group. An estimated 10 % to 20 % of the Caribbean population over 20 old ages of age suffers from diabetes and high blood pressure, severally, with prevalence more than duplicating at older ages ( Hennis et al. , 2002a, B ) . High blood pressure and diabetes rank as the two taking chronic upsets among Caribbean populations and are bes ides major hazard factors for other diseases such as cerebrovascular disease ( shot ) and coronary bosom disease. Prevalence of chronic diseases in the Caribbean part over the base on balls 3 decennaries Another dramatic epidemic among the Caribbean population is the high prevalence of fleshy [ organic structure mass index ( BMI ) & gt ; 25 kilogram ma?’2 ] and fleshiness ( BMI & gt ; 30 kg ma?’2 ) . Approximately half of the grownup Caribbean population is fleshy and 25 % of big Caribbean adult females are corpulent ( Henry, 2004 ) . The intensifying tendency in fleshiness is considered to be a major causative factor in chronic disease prevalence in the part. The increasing fleshiness degrees, chiefly among adult females, possibly associated with the alterations in traditional diets and the acceptance of sedentary life styles. In some the islands more than half of big adult females are reported to be corpulent. Datas from Barbados highlights the importance of fleshiness as a hazard factor in chronic diseases. Based on available grounds, corpulent individuals, ( BMI & gt ; 30 ) of 40-79 old ages had a 2.6 times greater hazard of high blood pressure than individuals with BMI & lt ; 25, and corpulent adult females had 5.2 times the hazard of developing diabetes. It is estimated that cut downing fleshiness in the Barbadian population could cut down high blood pressure and diabetes by 30 % and 33 % severally.1.4 Impact of chronic disease in St. LuciaSt. Lucia has undergone a important demographic passage in the last 3 decennaries ( Wilks, et al. , 1998 ) . Some characteristics of this passage include the rise in the average age of the population from 20 old ages to 15 old ages between 1970 and 2010, the doubling of the proportion of individuals older than 60 old ages old from 5000 to over 17,000 and the addition in life anticipation at birth from less than 50 old ages in 1950 to greater than 73 old ages in 2010 ( World population prospectus, 2008 ) . As a consequence, the chief causes of unwellness and decease in St. Lucia and many other Caribbean islands and parts at a similar province of development are the chronic non-communicable diseases ( Sargea nt et al. , 2001 ) . There is an increased prevalence of diet-related chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes and fleshiness. ( Wilks et al. , 1998 ) . Between 1992-1999 in St. Lucia, preventable chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and circulative systems accounted for 20.8 % of deceases, with the major causes being cerebrovascular disease, ischaemic bosom disease, and hypertensive disease. Other major causes of decease were malignant neoplastic diseases ( 14.5 % ) , disease of the digestive system ( 8.7 % ) , and diabetes ( 7.2 % ) ( 8 ) . Approximately 1,304 deceases were due to diseases of the circulatory system and was accounted for 33 % of all reported deceases, decease due to cerebrovascular was ( 35.9 % ) , hypertensive disease ( 14.8 % ) , and ischaemic bosom disease ( 13.6 % ) ( Health in America, 1998 ) . There were 731 deceases due to cardiovascular disease from 1996 to 1999, accounting for 19 % of all deceases and 53 % of deceases ratio of 5.8:1. Most ( 21 or 62 % ) occurred in the 15-44 old ages age group, and had a male-female ratio of 9.5:1. Cardiac apprehension caused 268 cardiovascular deceases ( 37 % ) , ischaemic bosom disease 174 ( 24 % ) , pneumonic circulation and other signifiers of bosom disease 134 ( 18 % ) , and bosom failure 153 ( 21 % ) . Females accounted for 359 ( 49 % ) of deceases due to cardiovascular disease, and individuals 60 old ages of age or older accounted for 588 deceases ( 80 % ) . ( WHO statistics ) . Based on PAHO statistic St. Lucia is the 10th taking island in the Caribbean with high rates of non- catching chronic disease, accounting for about 63 % . Over the old ages prevalence of non catching diseases have been increasing, in a study done by the Kairi advisers limited in association with the national appraisal squad of St. Lucia concluded the undermentioned findings for the twelvemonth 2005 to 2006 for the distribution of chronic disease in St. Lucia. Irrespective of per capita ingestion quintile, high blood force per unit area was the most prevailing lifestyle disease impacting individuals with diseases in St. Lucia. In every quintile group, it besides shows that the prevalence of diabetes ranks second to high blood force per unit area as a life clip disease impacting individuals with diseases in St. Lucia. In each of the quintile groups, more than three fifths of the individuals with diseases reported enduring from high blood force per unit area while more than one one-fourth reported enduring from diabetes. In the twelvemonth 2007 diabetes and Hypertension were the two the most permeant and declining wellness jobs confronting the island of St Lucia. The diseases afflict a wide swath of people, immature and old. St. Lucia has a population of about 160,000 thousand people, and of this 28.1 % of the population have abnormal blood glucose or high blood sugar and 8.1 % have diabetes ( Graven et al. , 2007 ) . 20 % of people over 40 old ages of age suffer with the disease ( the ministry of wellness 2007 ) . At least 35 % of those with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus do non cognize that they have the status ( The Ministry of Health, 2008 ) . In rural country of St. Lucia the proportion with undiagnosed diabetes is well higher ( St. Lucia Diabetic Society, 2008 ) . At the clip of diagnosing, every ten percent individual with diabetes has already developed one or more micro- or macro-vascular complications ( Ministry of Health, 2008 ) . Diabetess is among the taking cause of decease. If inadequately treated, diabetes can do sightlessness, kidney disease, nervus disease, amputations, bosom disease, and shot. Even painstaking and well-treated diabetics often suffer from these complications and have above-average medical costs. If observed, the Native St. Lucian has many barriers to wellness instruction, which fundamentally involves their civilization, life style, handiness and socio-economic position. For case, St. Lucian is presently sing a crisis of poorness. Peoples from lower socioeconomic position have poorer wellness than those in higher socioeconomic places. Assorted surveies have reported the relationship between low socioeconomic position and the development of chronic disease ( ( Lynch et al, 2000 ; Stelmach et Al, 2009 ; Supriya et Al, 2009 ) . Recent poorness appraisals in St. Lucia estimation that 18.7 % of families and 25 % of the population live in poorness. Income inequality is high, with 26 % of the population characterized as inveterate hapless ( MPDEH, 2003 ) . That same study estimated that a decennary subsequently in 2005/06 the poorness rate had increased to 28.8 % of the population ( Government of St. Lucia ( GOVST ) , The appraisal of Poverty volume1, 2006 ) .The highest poorness rates in2005/06 were in the territories of Anse La Raye/Canaries ( 44.9 % ) , Micoud ( 43.6 % ) , Soufriere ( 42.5 % ) and Laborie ( 42.1 % ) . The poorness spread and poorness badness besides occurred in these same territories ( GOVST, 2006 ) Furthermore, because of poorness and life in rural countries, most people consume less expensive and frequently high fat nutrients, and less fruits and veggies ( Henchy et al, 2000 ) . Brown et Al, ( 2005 ) described how socioeconomic place influences wellness among individuals with diabetes. Diabetes is twice more prevailing in low income populations compared to wealthy populations ( Stelmach W et Al ; 2009 ) . Some accounts for this increased hazard among people of low-income or resource-poor countries include increased emphasis, low entree to medical and preventative attention, and hapless environment.1.5 Diet, nutrition and chronic diseasesThere are clear associations between the assorted biomedical and behavioral chronic disease hazard factors, and it is good established that diet quality and healthy feeding patterns play an of import function in both preventing and pull offing chronic diseases and the factors that increase their hazard ( Kant A.K, 2004 ) . The links with nutrie nt and nutritionary position are particularly strong in the instance of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and their hazard factors ( metabolic syndrome, fleshiness, high blood pressure and lipemia ) . The nutrient we eat, in all cultural choice, defines one ‘s wellness, growing and development. Hazard behaviors, peculiarly smoke and sedentarism, alter the consequence ( ) . All this takes topographic point in a societal, cultural, political and economic environment that can worsen the wellness of populations. Diet is a cardinal constituent in predisposing to chronic disease, chiefly where diet is energy dense doing positive energy balance and fleshiness. Adoption of western diet which are high in fats, aminal protein, refined saccharides and low in fiber, fruits and vegetable can farther increase one hazard of developing no of more chronic disease ( ) . Several surveies have demonstrated a prudent diet rich in fruits, veggies, fish and wholegrain to be associated with a diminution in chronic disease hazard such as diabetes ( Van Dam et al. , 2002 ; Anne-Helen Harding et al. , 2004 )CarbohydratesCarbohydrates nutrient beginning are the most of import beginning of Calories for the universe ‘s population chiefly because of their low cost and broad handiness ( ) . Although Carbohydrates is easy accessible and widely eaten saccharide is a cardinal dietetic constituent impacting insulin secernment and postprandial glycemia and is implicated in the etiology of many chronic diseases ( Brand -Miller JC et al. , 2004 ) . Both the measure and type of saccharide eaten have effects on insulin secernment and postprandial glycemia. Foods with a rich glycemic index ( or glycemic burden ) produce high rates in blood glucose.A Diets including big measures of high GL nutrients increase the hazard of diabetes, chest malignant neoplastic disease, colorectal malignant neoplastic disease, endometrial malignant neoplastic disease, and overall chronic disease ( Barclay AW et al. , 2008 ) .Dietary fibersEpidemiologic grounds has shown that nutrients rich in fiber aid glycaemic control in diseases such as type 2 diabetic patients ( ) . A diet high in fiber helps in control blood sugar degrees in those with type 2 diabetes. It besides helps with colon wellness as the high fiber diet with smoothing the stool and facilitates to burden loss ( ) . Fats Dietary fat is one of the most influential foods in wellness. Fats has many maps in the human organic structure, Equally good as to supplying more than twice the energy supplied by saccharides and proteins and providing indispensable fatty acids, fats slows digestion of saccharides in order to fuel the encephalon he fats serve as bearers for fat soluble vitamins ( A, D, E and K ) and as parts of cell membranes ( ) . The overconsumption of fat, chiefly saturated fat, has been linked to six of the 10 prima causes of decease worldwide ( ) .Coronary bosom disease and malignant neoplastic disease ( ) .There is a strong nexus between dietetic fat ingestion and hazard of chronic diseases such as malignant neoplastic disease, such as colon, chest, prostate, and ovary malignant neoplastic disease ( ) . Several surveies over the past 30 old ages have verified the relationship of high dietetic fat intake with higher mortality due to assorted malignant neoplastic diseases ( ) . Some saturated fatty acids raise blood cholesterin degrees and, therefore, increase the hazard of coronary artery disease ( ) . High fat, consumption is a chief cause of fleshiness, high blood pressure, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and gall bladder disease ( ) . Surveies have show that states with higher per capita consumptions of fat, particularly carnal fat, have higher incidence rates of certain malignant neoplastic diseases, including chest, colon, prostate, and pancreas. [ 41 ] Migrational surveies show that when persons move from a state of low fat consumption to one of high fat consumption, the hazard of some malignant neoplastic diseases increases [ 42 ] .AVitamins Vitamins are indispensable foods hey are required in little sums, but have of import and specific maps such as advancing growing, reproduction and the care of wellness. Nutritionally, they form a cohesive group of organic compounds that are required in the diet in little sums ( mcgs or mgs per twenty-four hours ) for the care of normal wellness and metabolic unity. They are therefore differentiated from the indispensable minerals and hint elements ( which are inorganic ) and from indispensable amino and fatty acids, which are required in larger sums. Vitamin lack nevertheless, may increase the hazard of chronic diseases ( ) . Suboptimal folic acid degrees, along with suboptimal degrees of vitamins B ( 6 ) and B ( 12 ) , are a hazard factor for cardiovascular disease, nervous tubing defects, and colon and chest malignant neoplastic disease ( ) and low degrees of the antioxidant vitamins ( vitamins A, E, and C ) may increase hazard for several chronic diseases. . Nutritional Passage There are now about 350 million corpulent and more than 1 billion fleshy people in the universe, populating in both developed and developing states. Previously, developing states grappled with undernutrition. Now many of these states like St. Lucia are in a transitional province and are covering with the twin immoralities of under- and over nutrition. In the Caribbean states between the 1970s and 1990s, the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased from 7 % in work forces and 20 % in adult females in the 1970s to 22 % in work forces and 58 % in adult females ( Ragoobirsingh D et al. , 2004 ) . The planetary prevalence of fleshy amongst preschool kids is estimated at 3.3 % . Within the Caribbean part and St. Lucia has one of the highest incidences for this age group with St. Lucia holding 2.5 % of the 0-5 yr. population ( De Onis M et al. , October 2000 ) .Obesity in kids and striplings is known to hold important impact on both physical and psychosocial wellness, these surging rates of fleshiness leads to an addition in lipemia, high blood pressure, insulin opposition and unnatural glucose tolerance subsequently in life ( Reilly et al. , 2003 ; Weiss et al. , 2004 ) . Urbanization, industrialisation and transmutation procedures have been the chief cause of this public wellness achievement. In modern civilizations, demographic factors interact with societal and economic factors and lead to alterations in the forms of wellness and diseases as hypothesized by Omran ‘s epidemiological passage theory in the early 1970s ( Orman et al. , 1971 ) . Omran ‘s theory describes the altering form of mortality from the predominant catching diseases to the emerging non-communicable diseases. In his survey, Omran defined three phases of epidemiological passage, i.e. ‘the age of plague and dearth ‘ , ‘the age of withdrawing pandemics ‘ , and ‘the age of degenerative and semisynthetic diseases ‘ ( Orman et al. , 1971 ) .1.6 Dietary wonts of St. LuciansFood wonts reflect the plantation past: the typical diet contains a batch of starches, carnal protein content that varies by location, and until late, small in the manner of green veggies. Starches include assorted sorts of yams, taro, taro, bananas and plantains, Sweet murphies, manioc and Artocarpus communis. Most of these are boiled, served with some sort of boiled fish or meat, and accompanied by a sauce. Pepper ( pepper ) sauce is ever present at the tabular array, as most dishes are non prepared spicy hot. Animal protein beginnings reflect the historical scarceness of this component: porc Rhine wines, hog tail ( fresh and salted ) , chicken back, and saltfish, ( pod ) salted beef, fish ( tuna, winging fishing, ruddy center, barracuda, sharke, pilchards, doodly-squat fish ) . Most of the dishes are prepared with fats such as ; coconut oil, lards, xanthous butter. Equally much as St. Lucia has a broad assortment of fruit they are merely eaten Fruits such as ; Mangifera indicas, aureate apple, papaia, Citrus paradisi, oranges, cherries, Anacardium occidentale, sugar apple ( love apple ) .Main dishes are accompanied by veggies such as, alligator p ear, calaloo, Spinacia oleracea, tomatoes, okras, carrots, pigeon peas and lentils, Imported processed nutrients have been available for decennaries, but more late account for larger parts of many repasts. Foods such as pasta, rice,1.7 Cause for chronic non-communicable diseases in St. LuciaChronic diseases have legion hazard factors, which function at different degrees, from the most proximal ( i.e. biological ) , to the most distal ( i.e. structural ) . These hazard factors can be classified as ‘modifiable ‘ and ‘non-modifiable hazard factors ‘ . Modifiable determiners include factors that can be altered, such as single and community influences, life and on the job conditions and socio-cultural factors, non-modifiable determiners include those factors that are beyond the control of the person, such as age, sex and familial factors.1.7.1 Biological factorsSome populations are susceptible to chronic disease because of familial cistrons. In a south Africa a tribal group â€Å" Afrikanders † have been found to hold familial hypercholeste remia, a rare familial upset, characterised by really high low-density lipoprotein, cholesterin and early cardiovascular disease. ( Steyn K et al.,1996 ) . Familial and lifestyle factors are considered to be the chief subscribers in doing type 2 diabetes ( O'Rahilly et al ; 2005 ) . The familial make-up of a individual is every bit indispensable to the development of the disease but a individual life style and environmental factors can lend significantly. Some of the major lending factors include fleshy, abdominal fleshiness and physical inaction and to lesser extent intrauterine and early childhood factors ( Alberti et al, 2007 )1.7.2 Early life beginningThe clip between intrauterine growing and the development is the most vulnerable period in the life rhythm and topographic points major physiological, metabolic and psychological demand on the female parent to back up the growing and the development of the foetus ( Allen, 2001 ) . Good growing and development is dependent on a suff icient supply of energy and foods. Under nutriment during gestation is linked with hapless gestation and neonatal results which can hold negative long term deductions for the baby such as a decrease in intelligence, growing upset, low unsusceptibility, increased morbidity, mortality and the development of a scope of diseases during maturity ( Rasmussen, 2001 ) It is proposed that type 2 diabetes consequences from comparative intrauterine malnutrition and the latter leads to lifelong scheduling ( Baker et al ; 1986 ) . Children with low birth weight are most likely to see growing restraint, whether due to intrauterine nutritionary limitation or familial sensitivity to low birth weight ; similar associations of low birth weight have been made for the development of diabetes ( Lindsay et al ; 2001 ) . Babies who are born low birth weight tend to turn fast after birth ‘catch-up growing ‘ , frequently become fleshy as immature kids. They are most likely to develop high blood force per unit area and unnatural blood glucose degree early in life, which future increase their hazard of developing chronic diseases, such as bosom disease and diabetes ( Barkeret al. , 1997 ) . The prevalence of Low Birth Weight ( LBW ) is about 6 and 9 % in the Caribbean. The association between low birth weight and grownup disease makes pressing the concer n of these high LBW prevalence rates in the Caribbean ( Henry ; 2000 ) . An under-nourishes kid is usually a smaller and shorter kid ( 0 ) Acrobatics is an indicant of long standing mal and under-nutrition and is frequently accompanied by fat deposition, peculiarly around the abdominal subdivision when faced with nutrient in copiousness. Predisposing persons to fleshiness in maturity. ( ) Similarly kids who are born to big female parent and are big for their gestational age are most likely to bring on insulin opposition and type 2 diabetes subsequently in life ( Bennett et al ; 2002 ) . In Jamaica kids shortness at birth and increased current weight are independent forecasters of insulin opposition ( Bennett et al ; 2002 ) . There is important sum of grounds, chiefly from developed states, that states intrauterine growing deceleration is connected with an increased hazard of coronary bosom disease, shot, diabetes and elevated blood force per unit area ( WHO, 2002 ; Godfrey et al. , 2000 ; Forse et al. , 2000 ) . It may be the form of growing, i.e. restricted foetal growing followed by really fast postpartum catch-up growing that is critical in the implicit in disease tracts. Likewise, big size at birth is besides associated with an increased hazard of diabetes and cardiovascular disease ( McCance DR et al. , 1996 ; Leon DA et al. , 1998 ) .Behavioural hazard factors ( lifestyle factors )Lifestyles play an of import function in finding chronic diseases and lifestyle alterations are likely to be responsible for a important proportion of their addition over clip.1.7.3 Poor dietNutrition is a major modifiable determiner of chronic diseases, with scientific grounds back uping the position that alterations in diet have effects on wellness result of a individual. Non-communicable diseases are linked to high ingestion of energy dense nutrients, made of carnal beginning and of nutrients processed or prepared with added fat, sugar and salt. ( ) St. Lucia is undergoing rapid nutritionary passage ( Boyne, 2008 ) . There has been an addition of fast-food eating houses, and an increased in the ingestion of repasts high in fat, sugar, and salt and a decrease in the ingestion of cereals, grains, fruits, veggies, tubers, and leguminous plants ( Jacoby et al.,2008 ) . The increased ingestion of imported nutrients high in fat and Na has led to a diminution of the wellness position of people throughout the part, with an addition in wellness jobs such as fleshiness and diabetes ( Report from WHO, 2003 ) .1.7.4 Physical inactionPhysical inaction and sedentary life style is linked with increased degrees of fleshiness, chest malignant neoplastic disease, colon malignant neoplastic disease, osteoporosis, emphasis, anxiousness and depression ( Hardman et al. , 2001 ; Warburton et al. , 2001 ) , and one of the chief implicit in causes of mortality in the universe.1.7.5 SmokeSmoke of baccy is one of the most modifiable hazard factors and pre ventable causes of decease in the universe. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) attributes to about 4 million deceases a twelvemonth to tobacco usage. It has been responsible for 22 % of cardiovascular diseases in industrialised states, and for the huge bulk of some malignant neoplastic diseases and chronic respiratory diseases ( WHO, 2002 ) . It is projected by the 2030 smoke will kill one in six people globally, if the present tendencies persist. ( WHO, 2002 ) . This anticipation of decease will include about 7 million people in developing states ( Mackay, WHO ; 2002 ) Smoke has been linked with premature mortality amongst users, with cardiovascular disease ( i.e. shot and bosom onslaught ) doing most deceases and is closely followed by chronic lung diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung malignant neoplastic disease. ( Bjartveit et al. , 2005 ) . Alcohol maltreatment is deemed to be the beginning of 8 % -18 % of the entire load of disease in work forces and 2 % -4 % in adult females. The Rate of smoking in among work forces in St. Lucia is at its highest therefore addition the hazard of chronic diseases.1.8 Social determiners of wellnessThe societal determiners of wellness incorporate implicit in causes of wellness jobs which includes environmental factors, working position and lodging and life conditions and socio-cultural factors that have an consequence on the wellness of a population. These factors besides increase the hazard of an single developing non-communicable disease.1.8.1 Urbanization and globalizationUrbanization is a cardinal hazard factor in the development of non-communicable diseases epidemic, as the economic system grows and develops into a more ‘modernised ‘ society and the populations easy migrate from rural to urban countries. In St. Lucia, the per centum of people populating in urban countries has increased from 43.3 % in 1996 to 47.5 % in 2001, ( ) . Surveies have shown that urbanization leads to dietetic alterations towards acceptance of the alleged ‘western diet ‘ , which is high in carnal proteins, fat and sugar. ( 20 ) This is frequently accompanied by lifestyle alterations including intoxicant ingestion, coffin nail smoke and physical inaction increasing the population ‘s hazard for non-communicable diseases. ( 34 )1.8.2Environmental factors1..8.3 Obesogenic environmentThe function of the media plays a really important function in advertisement, selling and advancing the ingestion of high energy dense nutrients and fast nutrients mercantile establishments with big part sizes. In a survey to place major beginnings of nutritionary information among urban Black South African adult females, found that telecasting was the most extremely believable beginning of information. This influenc ed nutrient picks based on gustatory sensation, household penchants and price.35 Other factors associated to hapless eating patterns include, easy entree to cheap unhealthy nutrients compared to the high monetary values of healthy nutrients.1.8.4 Structural environmental factorsStructural environmental factors include environmental factors that might move as an obstruction to take parting in physical activity, such as a deficiency of playing Fieldss, Parkss, proper pavements and exercising installations, every bit good as the being of offense and force on the streets.1.8.5 Socio-cultural factorsBeliefs and attitudes about organic structure image of some persons have been found to increase the hazard for developing non catching diseases. The belief that tenuity is associated with personal jobs and illness, particularly HIV and AIDS, seems to be a barrier to keeping normal organic structure weight in some persons ( ) . Attach toing beliefs about organic structure weight are socio-cultural factors related to nutrient consumption, which partially contributes to flesh iness in some persons. ( )1.9 The economic impact of chronic diseases in ST. LuciaChronic diseases have had and continue to hold a major economic impact on persons, households, and the wellness system in St.Lucia ( ) . Since chronic diseases affect the immature and people in their productive old ages, they cut down productive labor and gaining capacity at a family degree. Treatment of chronic diseases puts much strain on the already overburdened wellness system, because of the extra resources required. The load is non merely on the wellness attention system but besides but besides indirectly causes loss of productiveness from the disable, absenteeism and early decease.RationaleChronic diseases such as bosom disease, malignant neoplastic disease and diabetes negatively affect the general wellness position and quality of life of persons, and there is an absence in the literature of surveies looking at the wellness position of individuals in St. Lucia with chronic non-communicable dise ases. It is against this background that this survey was undertaken. This survey is designed to research and reexamine the association between diet, lifestyle and chronic non-communicable disease in St. Lucia. This comprehensive systematic reappraisal seeks to analyze the association between diet, lifestyle and hazard of chronic disease among St. Lucians. Aims To analyse the form of chronic disease hazard factor distribution in a well defined population in St. Lucia To analyse or critically measure the 30 most normally nutrient eaten in St. Lucian To analyze dietetic forms, nutrient picks and wonts of St. Lucian To synthesise qualitative findings diet, lifestyle and chronic diseases Research Question The Prevalence and incidence of chronic diseases is really high in St. Lucia and is the chief cause of decease in the island. Does St. Lucian diet and lifestyle contribute to additions figure of chronic diseases in the state? Hypothesiss Null hypothesis: St. Lucian diet and life style has no direct impact on the prevalence of chronic diseases in St. Lucia Alternate hypothesis: St. Lucia diet and life style has an impact on the prevalence of chronic diseaseChapter 22.0 Methodology.This research will be b? °N†¢ed on N†¢ecnd? °ry informations collected from assorted reliable beginnings and used to bring forth new informations as a footing for analysing the life style and 30 most normally eaten nutrients in St. Lucia in relation to chronic diseases. This type of research will non affect human topic. The literature hunt scheme is described in a drumhead in Figure.The information was taken from journal articles and published bkN†¢ . By definition, secondary research describes information gathered through literature, publication, broadcast media, and other non-human beginnings.Literature hunt schemeFigure 1 Literature hunt scheme and survey design The hunt, covered publications between the old ages 1985 to 2009. The undermentioned beginnings were included in the hunt procedure.Electronic library databasesTo increase the fullness of the research and cut down the ambiguity, cardinal words were used merely when mapped capable headers and the Thesaurus were non available for a peculiar hunt database. Chronic disease was used as the chief hunt term and combined with extra footings deemed relevant to the cardinal inquiries. These extra footings were identified, nutrition, diet, lifestyle. Databases searched included the followers: MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, CINAHL ( Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature ) , CDSR ( Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ) , ACP Journal Club ( American College of Physicians Evidence Based Medicine ) , CCTR ( Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials ) Health Star, PAIS ( Public Affairs Information Service ) , Proceedings First, Population Index, Proquest Digital Dissertations, Science direct, Pub Med.Hand huntsA manus hunt of the International Journal of Chronic disease for the old ages 1985 to July 2009 was conducted. Mention lists from studies were manus searched for other eligible studies.InternetThe cyberspace hunt. foremost, involved utilizing the hunt engine, Google, with the footings ‘Chronic disease ‘ and ‘diet ‘ and either ‘lifestyle ‘ , ‘prevalence ‘.To eliminate irrelevant sites, the research was limited to hunts utilizing predefined standards based on several ushers for happening dependable information from trusty beginnings on the Internet. Sites were eliminated if ( I ) they were clearly merely commercial ; ( two ) they did non look to be trusty or dependable beginnings ( i.e. personal home pages ) ; a nd/or ( three ) had small to no relevant information.Inclusion/exclusion standardsThe hunt was limited to English studies, which included columns, and theoretical reappraisals, PhD thesis and other grade plants, sum-ups of conferences, historical documents and book reappraisals. Letterss to the editor, columns were excluded. Documents selected for retrieval were assessed in a two-stage procedure. In the first phase, documents were selected based on reading of rubric and abstract. The 2nd phase involved reading of the full text of the articles selected, to set up the grade to which the paper satisfies inclusion/exclusion standards.Critical Appraisal:The research worker used the QARI ( Qualitative Appraisal and Review Instrument ) critical assessment instrument from the Joanna Briggs Institute System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information bundle ( SUMARI ) ( see Appendix 1 for difficult transcript ) .Data extraction:Data was extracted from documents utilizing the QARI informations extraction procedure which aggregated findings and seeked to classs and synthesis. Data was extracted manually utilizing the standardized informations extraction tool in QARI ( see Appendix 1 for difficult transcript of extraction tool ) and contained within the Joanna Briggs Institute System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review the Information bundle ( SUMARI ) . Where meta-synthesis was possible, qualitative research findings were pooled utilizing the Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument ( QARI ) . This procedure involved the collection of findings and categorized to bring forth a set of synthesized statements that represent such collection.