Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Essay -- Crib Death SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) or crib death is an abrupt and insoluble death of an app arntly healthy infant. Most of the cases involve infants from ages 1-12 months, and the event occurs during the night. Various theories have been postulated from research results but without consistency of the etiology. Since the death is sudden, prior diagnostic criteria or patterns are not available for correlation, although some near-miss infants have been followed. A number of possibilities have been documented in current literature, to include beta-endorphin changes, abnormal temperature regulation, pineal abnormalities, carotid body irregularities, lead poisoning, elevated fetal hemoglobin, brainstem immaturity, and cerebral hypoperfusion. The following is an overview of these pathologies in their relation to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. As with most physiological processes, several intermediate steps can lead to a certain event, thus making the mec hanism more controlled. However, as more steps that are required, there arises a greater number of possible problems. SIDS is no exception. Most literature supports the view that victims of SIDS suffer a failure of the automatic control of respiration, producing periodic apnea and eventually death. Neural control of respiration involves three anatomical structures (Armstrong et al., 1982. The first is the ram system, which contains the neurons which initiate and maintain respiration. These include the dorsal motor nucleus of the vague, the nucleus tractus solitarius, the nucleus ambiguous, the nucleus retro-ambiguous, the reticulo-spinal tracts in the anterior and lateral columns and the anterior horn cells of the cervical and thora... ...161122-1126, 1978. Koceard-Varo, G. The physiological role of the pineal gland as the masterswitch of life, turning on at birth breathing and geared to it the function of the autonomic nervous system. The cause of SIDS examined in this context. M edical Hypothesis, 34122-126, 1991. Myer, E., Morris, D., et. al. change magnitude cerebrospinal fluid beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in infants with apnea and in siblings of victims of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. J. Pedia., 111660-666, 1987. Quattrochi, J., McBride, P., and Yates, A. Brainstem immaturity in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome A duodecimal rapid Golgi study of dendritic spines in 95 infants. Brain Research, 32539-48, 1985. Takashima, S., Armstrong, D., Becker, L., et. al. Cerebral hypoperfusion in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? Brainstem gliosis and vasculature. Ann. Neurol., 4257-262, 1978.

Marriage Asylum :: essays research papers

It is my belief that the institution of brotherhood is a sham, designed by pious Christain fanatics in order to subjugate, control, and furthermore smash a womans personal liberties, intellectual freedoms and artistic developwork forcet. It is also my belief that much in the way of the institution of marriage has not changed since its barbaric origin hundreds of long time ago. In light of the enormous rate of divorce, marriage should be banned or at least have greater restrictions placed on the eligibility of marital covenants. such restrictions would include, but not limited to, communication cookery, household budgeting classes and psychological counseling for a period of no less than one year. Such matrimonial courses would be designed to make the transition into marriage easier. If marriage has to continue, then let us concede intellectually that the institution of marriage is seriously blemish and deserves a second look at revising some long held principles. It is also m y opinion that marriage deserves equal treatment and the same consideration as training for a future profession would. Is it not ironic, that people spend years attending college or on vocational training in order to constitute themselves for a careers which, will in all likelihood change many times over their lives. I demand that people open their eyes and benefit it is only if as important to prepare for a successful marriage as it is a successful career. Today, marital classes are not a cadence requirement to marriage except in a few Christian faith organizations such as Lutheran and Catholic. Something is seriously awry with the institute of marriage when mammoth populations of adults are experiencing one, two even three or more marriages. In this paper, let us explore together whether the sanctity of marriage is very graceful of being saved. Let us ask ourselves some rather poignant questions. Why it was necessary for the institute of marriage to be established in the send-off place? What are the benefits of marriage and who benefits from them the most? Lastly, I will try and persuade you to believe the institution of marriage should be permanently dissolve or at least reconfigured.As long as chastity is held in high regard, marriage will always be considered a horrible institution. What a damnable lie It is supremely sexist to expect women, of exceptional breeding to remain chaste. From the beginning of time women have been looked down upon as frailer, weaker and a less brilliant sex, which men controlled and subjugated.Marriage Asylum essays research papers It is my belief that the institution of marriage is a sham, designed by pious Christain fanatics in order to subjugate, control, and furthermore oppress a womans personal liberties, intellectual freedoms and artistic development. It is also my belief that much in the way of the institution of marriage has not changed since its barbaric origin hundreds of years ago. In light of the enorm ous rate of divorce, marriage should be banned or at least have greater restrictions placed on the eligibility of matrimonial covenants. Such restrictions would include, but not limited to, communication training, household budgeting classes and psychological counseling for a period of no less than one year. Such matrimonial courses would be designed to make the transition into marriage easier. If marriage has to continue, then let us concede intellectually that the institution of marriage is seriously flawed and deserves a second look at revising some long held principles. It is also my opinion that marriage deserves equal treatment and the same consideration as training for a future profession would. Is it not ironic, that people spend years attending college or on vocational training in order to prepare themselves for a careers which, will in all likelihood change many times over their lives. I demand that people open their eyes and realize it is just as important to prepare for a successful marriage as it is a successful career. Today, marital classes are not a standard prerequisite to marriage except in a few Christian faith organizations such as Lutheran and Catholic. Something is seriously awry with the institute of marriage when large populations of adults are experiencing one, two even three or more marriages. In this paper, let us explore together whether the sanctity of marriage is actually worthy of being saved. Let us ask ourselves some rather poignant questions. Why it was necessary for the institute of marriage to be established in the first place? What are the benefits of marriage and who benefits from them the most? Lastly, I will try and persuade you to believe the institution of marriage should be permanently dissolved or at least reconfigured.As long as chastity is held in high regard, marriage will always be considered a noble institution. What a damnable lie It is supremely sexist to expect women, of exceptional breeding to remain chaste. From the beginning of time women have been looked down upon as frailer, weaker and a less intelligent sex, which men controlled and subjugated.

The Illusion of the Good Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Papers

The Illusion of the GoodABSTRACT The question of ethical motive relates to the good and its contrary, evil. What ethics does with its object is to seek to say it, that is, not to produce either the concept of the good or the actions that fall under that concept. Thus, the question that follows is What is the good?, or rigorously speaking, what is the explanation of the good? But the definition asked for, as any other definition, is necessarily related to the science of language. But language itself is a mixer phenomenon. Consequently, the definition of any concept implies the quest of the social roots of this concept. In this sense, the quest of the roots is prior to the quest of what is. Examples are taken from Platos Republic, Freuds culture and Its Discontents, and Schlicks Problems of Ethics to show that the good is either in the state, in the super-Ego or in society. This means that the origin of the good lies removed the good itself, or, outside ethics. Hence, we cannot sp eak of the good per se, and if we do, we fall into an illusion. Q To what object does the question of ethics relate?A To the good and its contrary, evil.Q And what does ethics do with the object?A Ethics seeks to understand it, that is, not to produce neither the concept the good, nor the actions that fall under this concept.Thus, the question that seems to follow isWhat is good? Or, strictly speaking, what is the definition of good? But the definition asked for, as any other definition, is related, necessarily, to the science of language as G.E. Moore has pointed out in his book. But language, itself, is a social phenomenon. Consequently, the definition of any concept. In this sense, the quest of the social roots i... ...in internal psychological processes, and considering nature as the sole enemy and as the source of evil. Not only nature is evil, but also world as long as the dichotomy goo/evil has been interiorized, and Homo hominy buys us is the inevitable outcome.Nevertheles s, real development ran against this illusory dichotomy. The industrial revolution in Europe was preceded by religious critical thinking and the liberation of human reason from any other authority save that of reason itself. Hence, thin revolution reveals that real development is realized with the help of technology guided by science mastering nature for the sake of satisfying mans needs.Notes(1) S. Freud, Civilisation and its Discontents, (trans.) J. Strachey, W.W. Norton Company, Inc. 1961, pp. 71-72.(2) Schlick, Problems of Ethics, (trans.) D. Rynin, Dover Publications, 1961, pp. 90 and 91.

Project Management is an Art Form NOT a Science Essay -- Business, Case

tramp counseling Art to the RescueIs project management more of a cognizance or more of an art form? IntroductionTodays business executives are asking their managers and employees to do more with less. Fewer Project Managers are leading more projects with poor results, the latest Standish Group Chaos Report shows that only 28% of IT projects succeed. Many believe that the key to Project conquest in not applying technical management principles, but rather, more artful soft skills such as communication and creativity. (Belzer, 2004).This case study will subject and discuss why the application of soft skills will help todays stressed-out Project Managers implement successful projects. Not only must projects be deployed on time and within budget, they must ultimately bring value to the stakeholder. Often times relating this information to the project sponsor requires creativity rather than a montage of colorful Gantt charts and graphs.The truly gifted Project Managers are those that can apply the systematic hard skills in an artful manner by development soft skills. To that end, some systematic or science related management skills will be discussed, along with the soft skills and how they are engagementd together to successfully manage projects.Scientific ApproachSystematic or hard skills such as Gantt Charting or diagramming are just some of the tools Project Managers use to track project activities. While they are important to project success they are not the end all. Successful Project Leaders know the pleasant formula for combining hard skills with soft skills. A thorough understanding of the technical system to be deployed allows project leaders to break the project work through into many smaller tasks. Assign... ...also qualities of successful managers. Good leaders apply artistic traits to scientific tools in order to effectively manage complex projects. BibliographyKate Belzer (2004) Project Management Still More Art than ScienceAndrew D. Brown, Matthew R. Jones (1998) Doomed to failure narratives of inevitability and conspiracy in a failed IS project. Organization Studies, Winter. Michael Greer (1999) 14 Key Principles for PM Success. Chapter 6 Planning and Managing Human Performance Technology Projects, Handbook of Human Performance Technology, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Craig Schiff (January, 2004) Maximize Business Performance Getting Started The BPM Project Life calendar methodPaul Worthington (2001) Case Study Developing Project Management Skills in Managing Death March Projects. Working paper, School of Business, Curtin University, Perth, AU

From Baseball to Gymnastics :: Personal Narrative Sports Athletics Essays

From Base thump to Gymnastics Have you ever played baseball before? Is it just an new(prenominal) summercater to you? Well I have, and in the beginning it was just a sport to me. I remember as a young boy playing ball in the fields with only a few friends. Pretty much all we needed to play the game was a pitcher, a batter, and a fielder. The another(prenominal) players were mainly my brother Keith and a few neighbors around the block. Of course I was the youngest and the wastedest, but this didnt seem to bother them. We also played many other sports but baseball was my field of expertise. One summer, when I was eight years old, my mother came to me and asked how I felt about playing organized ball. At get-go I was unsure because I was used to my way of only three or more players, but not nine, on each team. Well the small amount of players we had was beginning to decrease. This was because the older guys were getting jobs and more importantly girlfriends. There wasnt m uch else to do, so I decided to go for it, and join the league. This is what I wanted and I was going to be a pro someday.A few days later I went to register with my mom. She was so cool, because she did all the talk for me. I just hid behind her rear and listened, only peeking around timidly to see what I was up against. I wasnt used to that many kids and was not about to talk to anyone, even though they were kids like me. I was shy that day but soon after began to open up. That was it, sign up was complete, and utilize was just around the corner. My team the Toronto Blue Jays, had two weeks before our first game. During this time we had a chance to meet the coach and all the members of the team. We also had the hazard of making fun of ourselves as we fumbled the ball around in a disorganized manner. Once again I had my doubts, but before long I gained friendships and a greater interest for organized Little League. I started off in the league as a Mustang, which was cl assified by age group.

From Baseball to Gymnastics :: Personal Narrative Sports Athletics Essays

From Base dinner gown to Gymnastics Have you ever played baseball before? Is it just an other(a) rollick to you? Well I have, and in the beginning it was just a sport to me. I remember as a young boy playing ball in the fields with only a few friends. Pretty much all we needed to play the game was a pitcher, a batter, and a fielder. The other players were mainly my brother Keith and a few neighbors around the block. Of course I was the youngest and the humbleest, but this didnt seem to bother them. We also played many other sports but baseball was my field of expertise. One summer, when I was eight years old, my mother came to me and asked how I felt about playing organized ball. At frontmost I was unsure because I was used to my way of only three or more players, but not nine, on each team. Well the small amount of players we had was beginning to decrease. This was because the older guys were getting jobs and more importantly girlfriends. There wasnt much else to do, so I decided to go for it, and join the league. This is what I wanted and I was going to be a pro someday.A few days later I went to register with my mom. She was so cool, because she did all the public lecture for me. I just hid behind her rear and listened, only peeking around timidly to see what I was up against. I wasnt used to that many kids and was not about to talk to anyone, even though they were kids like me. I was shy that day but soon after began to open up. That was it, sign up was complete, and recitation was just around the corner. My team the Toronto Blue Jays, had two weeks before our first game. During this time we had a chance to meet the coach and all the members of the team. We also had the probability of making fun of ourselves as we fumbled the ball around in a disorganized manner. Once again I had my doubts, but before long I gained friendships and a greater interest for organized Little League. I started off in the league as a Mustang, which was classified by age group.

Plagiarism †Impact of Internet Essay

The advent of technology and mesh in the last decade has opened up several avenues for unlimited cultivation access. This along with the change magnitude academic pressures has led learners to resort to plagiarism at an alarming rate (Elliot, 2004). The problem of plagiarism in the academic context can no seven-day be ignored as it is hampering the creativity and intellectual capacities of students. Overall, there has been a growing concern and an increase in aw beness to find ways to thwart plagiarism.Thesis Problem StatementIt has been verbalize that profits hinders the creativity of students and encourages intellectual laziness. This composition intends to explore the negative effects of internet on the creative sen judgment of convictionnt abilities of the students and find some ways to counteract it.Internet and plagiarizationWhile the concept of plagiarism is not new, it is certainly more widespread now than before. Plagiarism basically means write someone elses work and claiming it as feature without giving due credit to the original author (Jones, 2007). With the advent of proficient era, breeding is easily accessible and the temptation to pass off someone elses work as ones own is high. thither is no limit to the amount or type of information that is available on internet covering every sphere imaginable. While this kind of information availableness is advantageous in several ways and facilitates learning in some scenarios, it also leads to several problems with plagiarism especially in the academic context. Due to the availableness and ease of access of the information without any restrictions, the effort to plagiarise is much less comp atomic number 18d to earlier days when students had to go through a laborious do by to get access to the relevant resources in order to copy. In this context, the impact of internet on cheating can be considered super high and is cognize as digital or cyber plagiarism.Impact of internetAccording to th e NEC Research Institute, there be more than 1.4 billion pages on the Internet with 25 new pages being added every second (Dyrli, 2000). Due to this huge database of information, it is very easy to find papers and information related to the academic showcases This has led to a rapid increase in the percentage of cheating both intentional and unintended by students. According to a study conducted by the Centre for academic Integrity of Duke University, plagiarism due to internet has increased fourfold in the last 6 years (Vencat, 2006). Several other studies have substantiated this claim of hike incidents of plagiarism and the blurring of moral lines among students.Reasons and Effects of PlagiarismBefore delving deep into the effects of plagiarism and ways to prevent it, it is important to understand the reasons for it. While the availability of information is certainly a forerunner, there are several other reasons which lead to it as well, the main one being the academic pressure to which students are subjected and the tension on good grades in todays competitive world (Elliot, 2004). However, since the focus of this paper is digital plagiarism, the main reasons why internet encourages plagiarism are stated below1. Access to unlimited information through websites and search engines.2. The ease with which content can be copy-pasted as compared to the earlier traditional methods of copying the material by hand.3. Difficulty in detecting plagiarism due to the sheer amount of information against which a particular essay or paper needs to be compared.4. Lack of standards and criteria making it difficult to pin down a work as exact plagiarism.Due to all the reasons mentioned above and numerous others, the incidents of cheating are steadily on the rise since the last decade. While a lone instance of plagiarism is negligible, massive increases such as these channelise a self-destructive trend among the student community and are becoming a ca wasting disease of w orry (Lathrop & Foss, 2000). Cheating students not only hamper their own intellectual growth, they also induce it that much more difficult for honest students to get their due. Students may gain admission to courses which they do not deserve by using the grades obtained through wrongful means and this creates a permanent impact on the future of the society. This impact becomes especially dangerous if a cheating student decides to get into fields such as medicine, law etc. Also, if a particular student who plagiarises regularly receives good grades, it might compel others to do the analogous and hence the problem will continue to spread. Considering all these factors, it has become imperative for the academic community to take a strong stand against plagiarism.Avoiding PlagiarismThe anti-plagiarism manufacturing has been gaining more and more prominence in the last few years and educational institutions have started enforcing very strict guidelines to ensure that students do not c heat. approximately of the institutions mete out severe punishments to offenders. Having said that, the subject of academic integrity is a debatable topic and since all the information available on internet is considered public, it is difficult to define intellectual property in a precise manner. Creating awareness is the first step towards preventing plagiarism and most institutions are winning travel to ensure awareness among students. There are also several resources available on the internet which give information about what constitutes plagiarism and what does not. Teachers are resorting to the use of plagiarism detection softwares to catch offenders.As mentioned before, there are several reasons which ultimately culminate in plagiarism. Apart from the ones mentioned in the previous section, there are also several internal factors which lead students to cheat. Procrastination, poor contrivening and time management, peer pressure, lack of subject knowledge etc are some of th e contributing factors (Elliot, 2004). Sometimes, students are genuinely not aware of the intricacies of citing works and thereby make mistakes which constitute accidental or unintentional plagiarism. However, the fact that the plagiarism was unintentional does not make it acceptable and is still considered wrong.To avoid plagiarism, it is important to tackle the root of the issue. While the institute and teachers can play an important role in creating awareness and ambitious assignments which encourage creative thinking, at the end of the day, the moral responsibility lies with the students and it is up to them to understand the consequences of cheating and make an effort consciously to avoid it (Martin, 1984). There are several ways in which students can contribute towards reducing such cases. It is important to create self-awareness by studying all the plagiarism related policies and books provided by the university and also to understand the consequences of not following the r ules as most of the universities subscribe to anti-plagiarism softwares lately. Along with policies, it is also important for students to understand the ethics behind the policies. There are several writing formats and referencing styles followed by universities which provide guidelines on giving credit to the original source and students should familiarize themselves with the ones accepted by their own institutes (Kirszner & Mandell, 2004). It is a good idea to ask for help whenever there is any confusion about citing.Also, it is of utmost importance for students to develop good time management skills and plan their coursework in a proper manner as lack of time is one of the main factors for cheating. A good internal schedule with enough time allocated for understanding the subject matter can go a long way in preventing the temptation to cheat. By gaining a good understanding of the subject matter, it is viable to analyse what has been written on the subject by others and extract the relevant data from it rather than blind copying. Last but not the least, it is extremely important to cite all the information which has been borrowed from other sources (Neville, 2007).Developing Creative ThinkingDuring his days as the editor of the Forbes magazine, Malcolm Forbes once said that Educations think is to replace an empty mind with an open one. This quote aptly describes the actual intent behind the design of academic subjects and the related coursework. It has been said that the ability to think and react logically is critical for a persons personal as well as professional success. While the internet or any other literary resource might provide the information and the facts relevant to a coursework, they do not serve the actual purpose of a course. Most of the times, the aim of a coursework, be it an essay or a dissertation is to test the subject knowledge and critical thinking abilities of the student. virtuous copy pasting does not in any way, reflect the thin king abilities of a student. The internet can be a powerful source of data and information as long as the student learns to process the data and understand the information independently. The information available can be used more productively if the students relate it to the task at hand and build upon it.There are several ways to develop critical thinking abilities though it is not possible to simply learn them. Every assignment can be broken down into logical chunks which encourage thinking and analysing on the students part. Students can also put down in class room discussions to the maximum possible extent to understand various viewpoints and relate them to ones own views. Participating in discussions and taking notes at appropriate places ensures that the original authors are always credited for their work. This also encourages asking questions and raising doubts as and when they arise thereby helping the students understand the subject better. Understanding the subject ensur es that students do not blindly accept the facts presented by someone else without questioning the logic behind it or without asking for evidence (Martin, 1984).

Analysis: The Study of Perfect Competition and Monopoly

In consummate competition, the grocery consists of a huge do of buyers and sellers and hence, a single buyer or seller, however large, fag end non influence the market price of a product by changing his proclaim demand / supply of the product. All the firms produce and sell homogeneous products. The products are supposed to be identical in terms of quality, variety, color, design, packing, and other selling conditions whatsoever. in that location are no barriers to entry or exit in the market. Firms have complete freedom to move in or move out of both industry without any obstacle. The factors of production can be moved in and out of the market easily and effortlessly. Goods, services and labor are perfectly fluid between firms and consumers. In a perfect competitive market, buyers and sellers are supposed to possess perfect knowledge about the prevailing market conditions. Firms do not have to incur any cost on transportation of goods from one take up of the market to anoth er. There are hardly any Govt. interventions in the line of work of the farms. Due to all these factors, in perfect competition, firms can only earn normal profitsFrom the above mentioned characteristics, it is beyond any doubt that no such(prenominal) market can exist in the real world. The assumption of large number of sellers and product homogeneity imply that all individual firms in perfect competition are price takers, the demand curve being infinitely elastic which means that firms can sell any amount of product at the prevailing price. Producthomogeneity is totally an unrealistic concept. There are always certain barriers to entry and exit for the firms in any market. Factors of production can not be perfectly mobile between firms and transportation cost always exists in every market. Perfect knowledge never exists among all buyers and sellers and in that location is hardly any market where the government is devoid of any power to control it. Direct and indirect taxes are c ommon in every part of the world.MonopolyMonopoly, being the exact opposite of the perfectly competitive market, consists of only one seller of a product. The products are not homogeneous in nature and hence, in that location is no close substitute for them. Moreover, barriers of entry are high and the firms can either fix the price or control the supply of a product. A monopolist applies price discrimination (different prices are charged for the same product from different customers) thereby earning super-normal profits.Pure monopoly is also rare in todays market structure. There are always some close substitutes for every product or service. Thus while the guinea pig Railways may be termed a monopoly, the Road Transport Corporation provides a close substitute for the services provided by the former. Even a few decades ago, in developing countries like India, the National Airlines and TV channel, Electricity Boards etc. But with the globalization & liberalization act in 1992, a l arge number of private players from across the world entered the market and gained considerable market share. De Beers was considered as one of the most effective natural monopolist in the world holding slightly less than 90 per centum of market share in the mid-1980s, but still it was not the single player in the diamond market.Thus, although there may be certain markets which nearly resemble some conditions of perfect and monopoly competitions, but considering the definition and characteristics of both these two types of markets, it can easily be concluded that the existence of such markets in the arrange age, is only a fictitious concept.ReferencesEconomics for Managers, ICFAI Center for Management & Research (ICMR) Publications, chapter 6 7

Negative Consumer Behavior Essay

To fully fancy what interdict consumer behavior is and what makes a bad customer, we first welcome to understand what consumer behavior is. In their book, Consumer Behavior Concepts and Strategies, Berkman and Gilson (1981) say that the Ameri quite a little Cultural System, which is made of determine and artifacts, strongly influences consumer activity in the United States. In the ordinal century, American Culture reflected a distinct consumption ethic based upon affluence and gratification of desires through material acquisition (Berkman and Gilson, 1981). Consumer Behavior is defined as the activities of people engaged in actual or potential use of commercialize items-whether products, services, retail environments, or ideas (Berkman and Gilson, 1981).Thus, there atomic number 18 unlimited types of behaviors that the consumers can manifest making it difficult to distinguish between good and bad consumer behavior. Sometimes, a consumer behavior that maybe considered negative in one market place can be considered supportive in another. shoplift for example. Some 800,000 times a day, this tableau of temptation, fear and exhilaration plays out in the humdrum aisles of department stores and supermarkets (Adler, 2002).Shoplifting without a doubt is a type of negative consumer behavior since this behavior costs department stores and supermarket thousands of dollars every day. Yet in the February 25, 2002 Newsweek article written by Jerry Adler, Brandy Samson, the manager of a jewelry and accessories store in the Sherman Oaks California Fashion Square, sees shoplifting in a positive way by using it to understand what it is that the consumers want. She continued to say We know whats hot among teens by seeing what they steal (Adler, 2002).Though shoplifting has negative effects for one type of market it is a positive consumer behavior in another like the security and protection market. The rise in shoplifting incidents will lead storeowners to increase their using up on security devices like cameras and sensor tags for clothing. Kelly Barron, the author of the article Your notes or your life? Crime rates are down. Are Americans over deteriorateing for security? says that raze though crime rates have been decreasing over the past years, revenues in the security business are on the rise. Americans keep buying much and more protection. Revenues for the security industry have risen 46% over the past five years, to an estimated $57 billion (Barron, 1997).The vast increase of credit carte du jour use has given birth to yet another type of this multiplex consumer behavior that can be categorized as the compulsive buyers. In their study, jam A. Roberts and Eli Jones, say that the consumer culture is defined as a culture in which the majority of consumers avidly desire, pursue, consume, and display goods and services that are valued for non-utilitarian reasons, such as status (power), envy provocation, and pleasure seeking (2001). Such beh avior has both positive and negative outcomes. In one hand, the rise of consumer pass alonging increases revenues for certain goods and services. In the other hand, the comparable behavior increases debt. For the first three month of 1999, consumer spending increased at an annualized rate of 6.7 percent. Purchases of durable goods, non-durable goods, and services all registered healthy gains. During the same period, savings reached an all-time low of -0.5 percent (Roberts and Jones, 2001).Roberts and Jones noted in their study that past research shows that credit humors facilitate spending and that college students were anchor to spend more at a given store if the store accepted credit cards as a mode of payment. It was also noted that such compulsive buying activities was a significant reason for the large number of credit card debt and personal bankruptcy filings. Roberts and Jones acknowledge that earlier studies have found that students with amply debt earn lower grades, an d have extravagantlyer probabilities of dropping out of school. You would think that educational organizations would limit the access of credit card vendors into a college campus. However, what is calamity is exactly the opposite. Four of five universities allow on-campus solicitations for credit cards and charge credit card vendors between $175 to $400 per day to rent tables during neophyte orientation. Schools also receive a percentage of all student charges when they authorize the issuance of an affinity card (Roberts and Jones, 2001). So is compulsive buying behavior negative or positive?There are however some consumer behaviors that are easy to distinguish from being negative or positive. The black customer for example, is a type of consumer that is never satisfied that induces high amounts of stress on the employees. Those who have worked in retail and customer service have probably dealt with such consumers. functional in a clothing store has given me the opportunity to experience the stress created by dealing with the so-called abusive customers. This negative behavior creates a conflict between customer satisfaction and employee satisfaction.The consumer satisfaction category has the main position in marketing theory and is based on the premise that the clear is made through the process of satisfaction of consumers demandsresearchers continually confirm a significant correlation between satisfaction and repeated buying, greater brand loyalty, and dispersal a positive opinion of the product (Dubrovski, 2001). Customer is indeed important to the success of a business, but so is employee satisfaction. See the problem when it comes to dealing with abusive customers? The face-to-face interactions with abusive customers cause employees to increase their emotional labor which is also known as emotional dissonance. Emotional dissonance occurs when expressed emotions conform with organizational norms but clash with true feelings (Rafaeli and Sutton, 19 87). In her study on emotional dissonance, Rebecca Abraham establishes that emotional dissonance provokes unhappiness at a job, which motivates the spirits to quit.At my former job, a clothing store, I was able to observe high employee turnover rates due to job dissatisfaction. Not a day passed by without a sensation interaction with an abusive customer. I wouldnt doubt that the high volume of such interactions lead to the high employee turnover. This particular store did nothing to decrease the high employee turnover, probably costing them hundreds of dollars. When does employee satisfaction become more important than customer satisfaction? Abusive customers, no matter what they spend and no matter how high their lifetime value is, are expressing negative consumer behavior. This particular clothing store that I used as an example should evaluate or re-examine their values because in theend nobody will want to work for them.Exhibiting negative consumer behavior in one type of mark et may result in a positive outcome in another market. Some types of consumer behaviors are so complex that it is extremely difficult to distinguish it from being a positive or negative behavior. It depends on what side of the market the specific business is. In this paper I illustrated for the most part a few of these complex consumer behaviors.However, there are some consumer behaviors that a business owner might be better off with. In the retail business there are some customers that take a great deal of time in deciding what it is that they want to purchase. If you are a storeowner, you might want to have your employees spend less time pleasing these types of customers. After all time is money. The welfare and satisfaction of employees should also be a great concern for the employers. I consider that the more satisfied an employee is with their job, the better they will perform at it.Thus, it is important to protect employees from abusive customers. I can recall a time when a cu stomer became extremely angry when we did not have a specific item in the size he was looking for. There was nothing that I could do but to deal with the costumers mistreatment. The types of negative consumer behavior are immense that some are hard to even conceptualize. Such behaviors field from lack of spending, usually expressed by the elderly, to theft and overspending. Future research should examine these activities.BibliographyAbraham, Rebecca. The impact of emotional dissonance on organizational commitmentand intention to turnover. Journal of Psychology v133, n4 (July, 1999) 441.Adler, Jerry. The Thrill of Theft its not just the movie stars. Why, each year,ordinary people shoplift $13 billion of lipsticks, batteries and bikinis from stores.Newsweek (Feb. 25, 2002) 52.Barron, Kelly. Your money or your life? Crime rates are down. Are Americansoverspending for security? Forbes v160 (November 17, 1997) 66.Berkman, Harold W Gilson, Christopher. Consumer Behavior concepts and stra tegies.Kent Publishing Company. Boston 1981.Dubrovki, Drago. The role of customer satisfaction in achieving business excellence.Total Quality Management. (December 2001) 920Rafaeli, A. Sutton, R. Expression of emotion as part of the work role. Academy ofManagement Review. (1987) 12, 23-37.Roberts, James A Jones, Eli. Money attitudes, credit card use, and compulsive buyingamong American college students. Journal of Consumer Affairs, Winter 2001,35(2) 213-240.

Successful Property Development

Through stunned this paper the masculine gender is used when referring to moderniseers. This is purely for convenience and does not imply that successful developers overhear to be male. De opusd for late throwings from tenants and avower occupiers is the basis of both(prenominal) commercial property increase in the United Kingdom. A typical increment final cause departing be initiated by a developer identifying a demand for a new edifice or structures in a certain localization dominion. A major office user for example whitethorn wish to combine a number of regional offices into one new twist able to accommodate new echnology and enable all of the companys incisions to be housed under one roof. The image to be foundered by the new building forget also be of import and the Company may prefer a prominent town nerve centre location with easy rail access or a fringe of town location on the motorway network.The experienced developer volition know that if a develo pment is to be successful the location essential be the one which exit stir to tenants or purchasers who leave behind either pay rent or a capital sum to occupy the property. on that point argon many examples of unsuccessful objects which failed because of measly location. With glomping centre evelopment the choice usher out be very subtle and a slightly off-pitch location may be enough to discourage tenants from leasing shop units in the new centre. If a lay for a new development is identified and the site (or redundant buildings) is available for purchase, intentionning consent for the scheme must be sought from the local anesthetic Authority. It is ordinarily the case that the developer will vex concentrated on those locations where the planners will support development proposals and planning consent is possible to be received. If the location is correct and planning consent is likely the developer must also rrange finance to bribe the site, build the scheme and le t (or sell) it.He may also wish to sell the completed income producing enthronement. If he does so and the money he receives from the sale of the investment is more than the capital and interest he borrowed to build the scheme, he will receive a monetary profit. There are many sources of finance for developers but conventionally money will be borrowed from banks to buy the site and build a scheme with long line finance being gived by life assurance funds and pension funds. Long term finance in this ontext means the purchase of the completed investment by the fund which will enable the developer to repay all his bypass term debt and (hopefully) lend oneself him a profit. The investment market and development market are therefore closely linked and the developer will be mindful of the funds requirements from the start of the development process. The virtually(prenominal) common form of development funding which involves the launchings if known as profit erosion, priority yield .This method allows the developer to borrow most of his short term finance from the institution and not pay it back until the cheme is completed and let. At this sequence the fund takes over the scheme in return for providing the developers short term monies. The developer departs with a bollock sum fee for carrying out the project which will be calculated by capitalising that amount of rent from the scheme which will be calculated by capitalising that amount of rent from the scheme which exceeds the funds required return on the money lent in other words its priority yield. Even if the rent from the scheme does not exceed the funds priority yield, the developer will still receive a fee but obviously not as uch as he would collar if he lets the building(s) at a high rent. There are many other types of development funding some of which are set forth in attribute and Money by Michael Brett (see the bibliography at the back of this booklet).The developer will employ a professional team up to shape and cost the proposed building. The architect as leader of the heading team has a crucial role to interpret his clients intentions and produce a design which will meet the requirements of tenants, planners and long term funders. Other commentators such as journalists, he general public, and the Prince of Wales may also criticise the design of a scheme where it is perceived to be ugly or inappropriate for its location. Successful commercial development requires therefore a combination of good location, planning consent, good design and funding. Even if these factors are present the scheme may still fail, at least(prenominal) in the short term, if the economy is weak and firms cannot expand. This introduction deliver the goodss a resume of a typical development and the process can now be considered in more detail. The Developer The developer is the instigator of the scheme.He provides the entrepreneurial flair to identify the development opportunity and bring it t o a successful conclusion. In doing so he will make use of established relationships with commercial e verbalize agents and his knowledge of the occupier market. Most large development companies specialise in particular celestial spheres of the market. Slough Estates for example, build its reputation in the development of industrial and warehouse property whereas Hammersons developed the first shopping mall in the United Kingdom at brent goose Cross. Some life assurance funds act as their own developer and one example is NorwichUnion in the development of the Bentalls centre in capital of Jamaica on Thames. Various government agencies also act as developers such as District and Regional Health Authorities with hospital building. Increasingly, the newly privatised utilities will carry out their own developments. There are many types of developers. Some are developer traders who build with a view to selling the scheme when it is complete. Others will develop and hold the completed investment in their investment portfolio. Some developers are quoted on the stock exchange and others are little more than one man bands.Throughout the development process, but crucially at the start before funds are committed, the commercial developer will carry out an idea which will predict the eventual profits to be earned from the scheme. A considerable amount of work has to be done to produce a full appraisal as all the costs of the scheme have to be considered. The site itself will have to be fully investigated and this will involve bore lying in wait surveys to enable the structural engineer to estimate the cost of the foundations. An environmental impact study may be required before planning consent is forthcoming.With the supporter of his agent, the developer will also predict the rent which the scheme will produce and (if the investment is to be sold), the investment value. If a scheme is to be successful the investment value less all capital and interest costs will ha ve to leave an acceptable profit. If a developer has used rents in the appraisal which are too high, perhaps in expectation of rent rises in the development period, he may in conclusion make no profit at all and the scheme (from the developers viewpoint) will have failed. To avoid risk and to attract other tenants to a development, a developer will often eek a pre-let tenant for a scheme. sooner construction starts, a tenant will sign an agreement to lease all or part of the scheme at an agreed rent.This is particularly rich in shopping centre development where an anchor tenant such as a department store will make a consignment before development commenced, thereby giving confidence to other lessees to take shop units. A developer who borrows money to buy a site, construct a building, and desire lessees will have no appreciable earnings until the scheme is let. It would be difficult therefore, for any interest on capital borrowed to be repaid during the development period.It i s usually the case that interest is repaid as a lump sum when the fully let investment is eventually sold. Interest in these circumstances is said to be rolled up until the end of the development period. In arranging finance, the developer will often have a short term interest in the scheme, whereas the fund purchasing the investment when fully let, has a long term interest. Funds are, therefore, particularly interested in tenant quality in the longer term and building flexibleness which may not be of primary importance to the developer. local anesthetic Authorities may initiate development, particularly retail, by making town centre ites available on ground leases to developers. The Authority will have a long term interest in the schemes success, as they will receive a grounds rent, probably geared to the full rental value of the development. Not all developers have a short term interest in a development. Major developers may hold completed investments in a portfolio rather than a rrange long term finance by selling the investment to a fund. Planning In the words of Clara Green planning applications (like prayers) receive one of three answers yes, no or yes but. The process can be one of massive frustration and ifficulty for developers and for a major scheme it is usual for a specialist planning consultant to be employed to negotiate a consent with the local Authority. Planning law is complicated but in general terms, planning consent is required for most major building in the United Kingdom. The department of the Environment is responsible for planning and the monument of State for the Environment is advised by teams of professional planners, surveyors and architects. All applications are made to local councils and it is only the most significant or controversial applications which will be of interest to the higher tier of overnment. Most applications are, therefore, tryd locally although the Secretary of State may decide to call in any application at his or her discretion. To obtain planning permission, an application will be made to the District Council although applications in the upcoming also may be considered by the new unitary authorities. The developer can choose the type of application he wishes to make. If he wishes to seek approval to the principle of development, he can make an outline application.This is sometimes referred to as a red line application, as a red ine is drawn around the site plan supporting the application. If consent is granted, this will be subject to reserved matters and the developer will have to seek a subsequent consent for these detailed matters later. instead a full application may be made which will include all detailed matters as swell as the basic principles. The Local Authority will decide the application in the context of plans which will have been previously published and approved by the Secretary of State. Under the present two tier system of Local Government, the County Councils pro duce structure lans for their area which show in strategic terms the type and location of development which will be permitted during the period of the plan.The District Councils produce local plans which deal with detailed matters related to specific areas of land. If the planning application does not accord with the local plan, the Local Authority will be justified in refusing the application but obviously a developer would be unwise to make an application of this type. Structure plans have a life of between 5 and 15 years and comprise a lengthy written statement supported by explanatory diagrams.The important matters dealt with in the structure plan are strategic matters such as tourism and leisure, waste disposal, new housing, employment and transport. The Authority has a two calendar month period in which to decide an application but it can ask the applicant for more time. If the application is refused the applicant can appeal to the Secretary of state and the matter in the majo rity of cases, will be decided by a Government Inspector. In major cases, the Inspector will make recommendations to the Secretary of State who will, after advice, take a decision.There may also be a Public Local Enquiry here evidence is comprehend by the Inspector over a number of days from all interested parties. In producing their structure and local plans as well as decision making applications, Councils have to take into account policy statement produced by the government. These are called Planning Policy Guidance Notes (PPGs) and they are published or amended from time to time. Two of the most important are PPG 6 which relates to out of town retail development and PPG 13 which deals with transport. There are a total of 25 PPGs and many are frequently revised. For example a new PPG 12 was produced in April 1999.This revision emphasised the importance of regional planning which now has it own PPG (PPG 11) and also stressed the governments commitment to a plan led system. Any d eveloper seeking to build against government guidance as tell in the PPGs faces a long, expensive and uncertain battle and therefore is well advised to tailor development proposals to accord with published guidance. The government is at pains to demonstrate that the plan led system is sensitive to demographic changes and this is seen in the revisions to PPG 3 (Housing) which take account of the prediction that 7 out of ten new ouseholds forming over the next 20 years are likely to be single person households (Nick Raynsford, Housing and Planning Minister).A topical revision PPG 25 (Flood Risk) which aims to avoid development in flood risk areas and emphasises a precautionary approach in marginal areas with flood defences to be shown to be in place (and paid for by the developer) before development is approved. The Development Team The team will be employed by the developer at the start of a project and it role will encompass design, costing, funding and marketing. In summary its f unctions are as followsArchitect The Architect is the leader and coordinator of the design team who has a major role in interpreting his clients requirements and producing a design brief. The brief establishes the clients basic requirements and from this the Architect and other members of the design team will produce detailed design drawings. These will eventually be given to selected building contractors who will tender for the job of constructing the building. During construction, the Architect will inspect the work as it proceeds on behalf of his client. Because the Architects work is so important he ill be paid a fee based on a percentage of the total cost of the building work. For a new building this will normally be between 4% and 5% of the cost of the work. Quantity Surveyor The Quantity Surveyor estimates the eventual cost of the new building and will produce regular cost checks as the design is developed.Before tenders are invited from building contractors, he will inform t he client of the estimated cost of the kit and boodle (the pre-tender estimate) and the client can then proceed to tender with confidence. Services and Structural Engineers In some instances the engineers will be responsible for producing design drawings nd specifications of the building services (air-conditioning, electrical installation etc) and the structure (foundations, structural frame). Increasingly however, the services engineer will only produce a statement of how the services will perform (a performance specification) rather than a full design. In these circumstances, design becomes the responsibility of the contractor. Estate Agents Developers usually have established relationships with firms of estate agents who will be aware of development opportunities. The agent will also provide marketing advice and will be responsible for letting the building.Other Consultants Other consultants include solicitors, grace architects and planning consultants. With some complicated an d large schemes, a project manager may oversee the project on behalf of the client. Specialist noise or environmental consultants may be required where development will take place in environmentally sensitive areas where special planning conditions have been imposed. Successful Schemes A scheme will be successful if its location and design has attracted a number of first class tenants and will continue to do so in the future should any tenants vacate. A uccessful scheme will provide a secure and growing investment for the eventual long term investor as well as an adequate monetary profit for the developer.There are many reasons why development schemes are unsuccessful, some of which are discussed below Poor jam This is the most obvious but nevertheless very common reason for failure. A shopping scheme may be located where there is a insufficiency of pedestrian flow. An office building may be located where vehicular access is difficult or the chosen site does not provide the requir ed image and identity for the tenant/s. On a wider scale, he development may be located in a city which is in decline, to the detriment of long term investment quality. Some commentators are casting doubt on the future quality of fringe of town retail reposition schemes which do not have the support of an established town centre. Poor Design A shopping centre must be designed to tap pedestrian flow and enable shoppers to both park and gain easy access. If the design fails to do this, the public may avoid the centre and tenants will be hard to find.Also shopping centres must allow frequent changes of image and must provide the correct ambience for the ublic. Attention to detail with the internal design will allow this to benefit the investment. Thee are many examples of office buildings constructed in the 1960s and 1970s which do not provide the necessary ducting and image for modern tenants using todays technology. These developments may have been regarded as successful when they were first constructed, but in terms of a long term investment are of dubious quality. Lack of flexibility with many buildings means that where occupier requirements change the buildings cannot and voids are the result. Increased Costs during Design or ConstructionIf a developer allows costs to increase, he will eventually make no profit whatsoever from the scheme. If costs increase beyond those used in the appraisal the developers profit will be eroded. The expertness of the design team to contain costs whilst, at the same time, producing a quality building is of vital importance but sometimes mistakes are made. A lack of coordination between building work and services is a typical example leading to redesign, delay and increased costs. Planning Errors When a contract is awarded to a contractor, it is important that the site of the evelopment is firstly in the legal control of the developer and secondly the same site for which planning consent has been granted. There have been many examples of mistakes in this area to the detriment of the project. Empty Property A newly built shopping centre with few tenants is clear evidence of a scheme which falls short of success. There are many examples amongst those centres completed during the recession. As with office and warehousing property pre-let tenants are particularly valuable in recessionary periods. Public field Development The Private Finance Initiative.In the past public sector development such as roads, hospitals and bridges were built by government contract with the private sector for the design and construction works. Civil servants and their consultants would work to precise specifications of what was required to be built. When the development was complete the government would then be responsible for running the completed hospital, road or whatever to the benefit of the public. The Private Finance Initiative (or PFI) is intended to revolutionise the traditional method of producing public facilities des cribed above.It was conceived in 1992 during Norman Lamonts troubled chancellorship and was vigorously supported by his successor Kenneth Clarke. In essence PFI only required the government to state how the building is to be used and the performance it must achieve. The private sector is then invited to tender for the design, construction and running of the new expertness. The reward for doing this is negotiated with the government agency responsible for the facility and will usually take the form of a regular monetary payment so long as the facilities provided continue to meet the agreed criteria.Kenneth Clarke stated that PFI is a radical and far reaching change in capital investment in public services which will break down further barriers between the public and private sectors. The central argument in favour of PFI is that the private sector is more capable of promoting efficiency than government and will provide business solutions to public sector requirements. It is also arg ued that the risks of increased construction and running costs, which appears to be a feature of public sector schemes, will disappear with PFI where all the risks are borne by the private sector.Critics of PFI point out that it is extremely difficult to produce a performance specification for, say, a highly complex building such as a hospital and this will lead to private sector contractors being allowed to cut corners to the detriment of the public. It is also pointed out that the government can always borrow money more cheaply than the private sector and that this will inevitably lead to increased costs which will be passed on to the public. The change of government in May 1997 led to a thorough review of the experience gained from using PFI in the previous five years. Malcolm Bates was appointed to arry out a review which resulted in 29 recommendations aimed at rationalising and reinvigorating the PFI process.The Treasury Taskforce was the governments response to the review and this body consisted mainly of city financiers who were charged with building up PFI expertise in government. The taskforce had a life of three years and is replaced by Partnerships UK which will operate as a joint private/public consultancy to assist with the PFI process. There are currently hundreds of PFI schemes in the process of completion and the present government is wedded to this form of procurement for public sector projects.

Instructional strategies exam essay Essay

Teachers be constantly ch whollyenged to underwrite that centering strategies employed in the classroom ar enamour the larn styles and experiences of the learners. As far as possible instructional strategies should be modified to take into consideration the unique characteristics of individual learners and aim to discover the outflank way forward when dealing with specific encyclopedism styles.Cooperative attainment strategies are useful in teaching learners who number best in learning sessions that take into concern their individual needs, interests and abilities as well as provide opportunities for interaction and discussion with and among other learners. Constructivists have long established that learning cannot be separated from real-life experiences as both share a symbiotic relationship (Huang, 2002, p. 28). Bringing real-life situations into the learning environment will facilitate and enhance learning temporary hookup knowledge, skills and attitudes gained in lear ning provide opportunities for additional life experiences.Cooperative learning strategies have a great amount of flexibility in the classroom and defy it possible for the instructor to effectively match learning style to teaching strategy. Cooperative learning strategies are indeed quite attractive for adult learners as there is a multiplicity of activities and line of works that can be brought into any one learning experience to make learning not only effective exactly meaningful. These strategies are also useful in ensuring that learners have any(prenominal) amount of freedom and independence, as well as participate actively in their deliver learning.In a learning session using cooperative learning strategies individuals can be assigned to interest sort outs at the beginning of the session. Interest groups are individuals who may share either the same background or viewpoint. Interest groups are assigned either found on the particular task to be covered in the lesson or based on previously defined characteristics such as favorite type of food, music, TV shows etcetera. This is simply to ensure that all learners life a sense of belonging by being able to identify with at least one other person in the group and therefore all will be motivated to actively participate in the lesson.Countless authors have pointed to the merits of using small groups as an effective teaching strategy to ensure participation and involvement (see Slavin, 2000). At the beginning of the lesson students are presented with the objectives and given precise guidelines of what they will be required to do throughout the lesson. to each one group, that would have been identified previously, is given a particular aspect of the lesson to report or focus on and even within the group each constituent is assigned a specific responsibility and, of course, made aware how his/her image fits into the group task and the general lesson.In this way students will be accountable, not only fo r their own learning but also for the learning of the rest of the members who will be dependent upon him/her to correctly complete what is required. Kounin is famous for stressing this concept of right in learning. He also argues that it is essential to maintain the involvement of all students in all aspects of the lesson (as cited in Slavin, 2000, p. 373). Direct instruction often cannot be avoided in delivering lesson content depending on the material to be covered and may be essential in some cases.Thus in this setting direct instruction has its place but is supplemented with other strategies to ensure its effectiveness in meeting lesson objectives. To make a topic more meaningful and of immediate interest to the learners suggestions are gathered as to possible topics to explore, that can be aligned well with the overall curricular goals. By using the direct teaching method the teacher delivers the content to the entire class but each group is at that time paying particular atte ntion to the aspect that is most relevant to the task they had been previously assigned.Visual aids and demonstrations, as appropriate, are used to enhance the impact of the lesson. A PowerPoint presentation would be particularly attractive to learners incorporating computer graphics, support and even sound so that learners are able to interact with the lesson on a variety of levels. An alternative to the direct teacher or a adjunct to it would be to invite an outside speaker to deliver the specified topic.This guest speaker could be someone that the class nominates or someone that has expertise as well as being able to gain the interest and attention of the learners. Using either direct teaching, the PowerPoint or the guest speaker the group function is still maintained. At the end of these sessions groups meet to collaborate on completing the task assigned. In completing this task learners use difficulty solving skills to ensure that objectives are met. Working collaboratively group members have to explore alternatives for solving the problem or accomplishing the task that has been assigned.Included in the discussion is a decision on what aspect of the presentation is relevant or irrelevant to the task they have been assigned and the most appropriate way of organizing their work. They will also have to conduct the most appropriate form in which to present their information. Each group is required, whether as a part of the session or in a posterior session, to present their task to the rest of the class. As a part of the task description the teacher allows each group the flexibility of choosing whatever approach they feel will best be suited to presenting their information to the entire class.Role-play, simulation, demonstration, presentation or any other method could be adopted by the learners based on their individual preference. Alternatively all groups could role-play their particular scenario. Role-playing can be used to develop problem solving skil ls and to assess how much and how well learning has occurred. There is still a considerable amount of flexibility in that the groups use their own styles and ideas to come up with an appropriate situation to depict the problem they were assigned to.All members of the group will be required to roll-play ensuring that group activities are not manipulated by a specific set of learners and so that some learners do not opt out. Feedback of course, in any learning context is essential. Peer evaluation in this situation is useful. A discussion can turn up after each group role-plays or presents. Other classmates give feedback on the same issues and present possible alternatives to the solution that was taken or discuss why the option taken was the most appropriate for the particular issue at hand.Additionally comments relevant to the lesson could also be made. Learners in the small-group and large-group context are therefore able to cooperatively learn from each other by sharing ideas and making suggestions. Evidently learners are given a lot of independence within the specific guidelines and a lot of self-directed learning takes place. All these are essential for learners to make the most out of learning sessions and are preferable to techniques that are teacher-centered rather than learner-centered.In this way learners are actively participating in learning not just being passive listeners and observers. Throughout the lesson the teacher plays the role of facilitator or guide but the learners are the ones actively involved in the learning experiences and thus they would reap much more benefit.References Huang, H. (2002). Toward constructivism for adult learners in online learning environments. British Journal of Educational Technology, 33(1), 27-37. Slavin, R. E. (2000). Educational Psychology Theory and Practice. (6th ed. ). Boston Allyn and Bacon.

Argument Essay Student Samples Corporation Essay

For corporations, sponsoring a nurtures sports teams or facilities is a way of community outreach, where for a good turn, a federations name and logo be disseminated more(prenominal) freely among the populace. For develops, sponsorship is a way to pick up extra cash-to procure books, renovate classrooms or annoy sure the soccer team has up-to-date equipment. In most public school systems, the taxpayers female genitalst post all that. While cities cry soiled for the supposed incarnate brainwashing that takes place when a business writes a check to a nonprofit, it is quite clear they be the beneficiaries of such generosity. Sure, giving international m wizardy is a smart public relations move, as it often garners a impertinentspaper article or two and the logo stamped on a kids t-shirt, simply this is a far cry from the monopolization of the mind that some atomic number 18 so worried about.Heres video display A. At my towering school. The football team wears under-Arm our exclusively. AS a bulk package from a smaller company, the athletic de fictitious characterment enamours a discount, and is able to provide uniforms at buncosiderably lower expenses than if individuals purchased eitherthing on their own. The cost of corporate put to work is a small UA under the collar of e actually kids t-shirt, chthonian Armours marketing department gets a slap on the back for successful outreach to an important consumer group, and both sides are satisfied. The affinity is mutualistic the corporate quick study is AWOL.Exhibit B my previous high school. As a freshman, I attended a small, Catholic school, with a student body of roughly three hundred students. What kept the doors open and the lights on was partially from tuition, just now that barely made a debt in overall costs. In the gym were about twenty billboards of look into size with a logo. A phone number, and a tag line for the business that provided financial support to the school. Thanks to the businesses, who gave a little tog et a little, the place was still running last time I checked.Despite these tales of cozy, appropriate relationships between corporate America and Americas schools, sometimes things go too far. In past years,Coca-Cola held a con scrutiny to see which school in Atlanta could produce the most speed of light patriotism, presumably for a cash prize for the school. superstar year, two kids wore Pepsi shirts on the designated Coke day and were suspended. Whether its the story if the cash strap school or respectable overzealous administrators doesnt matter. approximatelybody went to far.However, if the tabloids are any suggestion, this doesnt happen with great frequency. The corporate sponsoring of a TV channel at school meant to solely further, or a billboard the size of Texas in the lunchroom, cross the line, but on balance, the relationship is mutually secure. Extra silver traded for brief recognition at a juicy or a little embroidery on the back of a t-shirt, most would agree, is worth every(prenominal)ones time. As with all things moderation is the keybut none should be denied a new classroom, sports jerseys, or anything else, for that matter because it came from corporate America.Score 9Clearly defines the issue of corporate sponsorship for schools Shows a full awareness of the pros and cons of the issueDevelops a clear, purviewful aim between extremesMakes useful use of two appropriate and convincing examples based on personal experience Uses syntactically varied and sophisticated language with impressive control throughoutThe advertisings that corporations place or so US schools these days are ubiquitous. Around every corner in a school is vending machines encouraging kids to buy a coke or some new(prenominal) product the machine whitethorn sell. The money that comes from these corporate ads maybe helpful in funding the modern school, but has a negative affect on the students that see advertisements eve ry day.A school in todays society has a huge financial burden placed upon it that corporate money helps ease. Schools train to buy textbooks, computers, over-head projectors , severalize TVS, maintain the physical condition of theschool and many may other financial costs are unavoidable to support a school. Buy allowing corporations to advertise in the school, funding all the costs of running a modern school becomes possible. Coco Cola has huge, multi-million dollar contracts with many schools and has vending machines in them. many a(prenominal) other corporations want Subway and Chick-Fil-A also pay schools to see their food in the schools cafeterias. The money gained from these contracts allow schools to have desks and chalkboards. And many new modern technological advancements in school materials. Buy advertising for these companies, schools essentially gain the proper funds to function.Although schools are able to provide students with a proper learning environment through corporate funds, the advertisements themselves paradoxily make the school environment less about learning and more about marketing. Students already advertise for companies on their own through the clothing they wear, the shoes they buy, and other commercial products they have in their possession. The advertising in school is further promoting students to buy certain products and sole(prenominal) encourages them to let their mentality of consumerism grow. School is about learning and that should be what the aim of a school feels like. Walking to a school should not be like entering a city mall like is today.Students walk more or less the campus as if it were full of shops and stores they buy cokes before class or pick up a subway sandwich before the bell rings and conterminous period begins. Schools should not be a zone where consumerism takes the place of learning. A thought on a students mind should be how do I take the derivative of 3x squared minus 8x? or I in reality lear ned a lot from that lecture on Vietnam. They should not be thinking do I have time to buy a coke before 2nd period?Advertising in the school setting also turns students from pincerren that work on education into marketing groups that companies use to gauge the success of their products. This is essentially what schools have become. Students buy foods and drinks that are at that place to advertise for certain corporations and depending on what sells and what does not, companies change their products so they leave alone be more affective in making a profit. Students are not test subjects that are meant to be studied. They are the future leaders of the manhood and should not be labeled as a lain demographic ascorporations do by advertising in schools. Focus groups that many companies also use consist of volunteers.Students do not get to choose whether they want to be part of market research or not. They are put in these marketing groups just by going to school. Corporations are cha nging schools from learning environments to controlled research for their products. Education is the most important aspect of a school and companies and their advertisements are changing this. Students should be able to go to school and learn without being bo thered by corporations who only want to gain a profit from these students.Modern schools function today largely in part because of the money they receive from corporations that advertise in them. Bat funding should not take precedence over learning. New ways to pull schools an fit figure need to be explored so schools can once again become a place of education. As schools are now, they are only getting students trapped in the world of consumerism and marketing.Score 8Effectively dramatizes the increasing prevalence of corporate ads in schools In paragraph two, explains why corporate sponsorship is increasing In paragraphs three through five, presents and embraces the opposing view, that ads make the schools less about learn ing and more about marketing Draws upon brief, useful examples of marketing in schoolsUses language that is effective and controlledEssay 3embodied partnerships have been becoming much more prevalent in our schools today. The Under Armor logo seems to be on every single baseball, football, and volleyball uniforms even at my own school. The money received by the school for endorsing the company than is used in a variety of ways to improve the school and its facilities. This is why these partnerships have become a necessity for cash-trapped schools. Others, however, frown upon schools, which accept these partnerships, as they believe schools should provide an ad-free environment for the students. Corporate partnerships arebeneficial to schools, because they provide the funds to further the students educational opportunities and the advertisements have no negative effect on the learning environment.I personally am very familiar with the relationship between schools and corporate spons orships. Having lived in South Korea for over ten years, I have heard many arguments about the special relationship between schools and sponsors. In South Korea, contributions of huge sums of money to schools by individuals, families, and corporations are prohibited, contrary to American schools. Here in America, universities accept large amounts of donation from extraneous sponsors in exchange for an easier admission. This is seen as outrageous and corrupt in South Korea. However, I believe that many South Koreans disregard the tremendous benefits that result from these sponsorships. One of the biggest reasons why numerous students, who come from a poor economic background, can even dream about attending colleges is that universities utilize the money received from sponsors to give scholarships. In South Korea, students without money cannot go onto college. The benefits of these corporate sponsorships greatly outweigh the take inbacks.These relationships are greatly help schools of other level such as high schools. Although no many high schools will utilize the money through scholarships (as public schools are free), the money can be used for basic necessities of the twenty-first century such as up-to-date computers, textbooks, and other school facilities. With these advancements and improvements, students will be able to access more resources and have bring out chances of success. This is fitting curiously for under funded schools across America. These sponsorships could be exactly what they need to lift themselves out of the stagnation they have been trapped inside for numerous years.Corporate logos may distract a student from paying attention in AP English Language and Composition. However, the advertisements influence is limited. Seeing products and logos that we as students already see periodic outside of school will not have significant effects on the students. Sure, we may choose to drink more Pepsi than coke since we see more Pepsi logos and prod ucts at out schools. But what harm is done through that? With thebenefits that can be obtained through sponsorships money greatly overpowering the drawbacks of increase in Pepsi sales, schools should and must be allowed to maintain corporate sponsorships.Score 7Develops both sides of the corporate partnership issueContrasts (not altogether clearly) South Korea and US attitudes towards corporate sponsorship Develops an adequate rationale in support of corporate partnership, using appropriate evidence Demonstrates a mature prose style with some lapsesSome grapple that corporate sponsorship or school exposes students to ads and corporate influence, and that schools should be an envirornment free of these things. However, the money that comes from these corporate sponserships could be extremely important to schools and so these sponsorships do more harm than foul.The real world is full of ads and corporate influence. Even if companies and products were not highlighted in schools, stud ents would be exposed to the same products elsewhere. Marketing is so advanced and successful these days, that a company will do whatever it takes to reach their target market. If their idea benefits a school, why not create a partnership? Also, a school will only allow certain companies to partner with them. A school may be one of the best places for a student to be exposed to ads because they are school appropriate and considered thoughtfully. It is not like Marlboro or Coors are trying to create partnerships with school, so why not expose students to normal companies they might already buy into, and earn money doing it? Partnering with Coca-Cola may establish brand loyalty among teenagers, but it is not introducing them to soft drinks. By high school age, pretty much every American has at least tried a Coke and/or Pepsi.Although the argument promoting corporate sponsorships with school is stronger and has more positive effects, it does have a few instances thatcould be argued wit h. Some could argue that teenage years are too young to be establishing brand loyalty, which is the companys objective in partnering with the school. Parents could argue that they want their children experiencing different types of pa instead of only drinking the one offered at school. Or buying clothes from other companies. Or listening to other radio stations. Pretty things, that in comparison look even more petty to receiving money for the school, which could go toward computers, more teachers, more supplies, a better school. heedless of the exposure to ads and corporate influence, partnerships provide money for schools a way fro schools to improve, and have a more positive, more helpful effect on students. Students are already going to be exposed to companies, regardless of it they are found at their school or on the commercial of their favorite TV show or the bus stopped in traffic in front of their faces. A corporate sponsorship is a smart way for companies and schools alike to get what they want.Score 6Shows an understanding of the issue and evaluates pro and con adequately Argues that corporate sponsorship will do no harm because ads are pervasive in our society in any case Presents appropriate evidence and reasoning, though without strong, specific examples Uses generally clear prose but contains some syntactic awkwardness and lapses in dictionUnfortunately money is needed for the majority of things to be successful. Both public and offstage schools need money for their various programs and facilities. Corporations for years have sponsored school sports team, but now have move on to other school facilities and negotiating contracts with food, drink, and clothing companies. While some argue that this is a necessity to pay for certain aspects of the school, others claim that the school environment should be ad and corporate influence free. Corporations should be able to advertise within schools so that school can receive funds.To argue that schools should be corporate influence free one must first evaluate the actual influence ads have. Right now I am in my schools gym writing this essay and the scoreboard has a Coke logo avout it. Am I really going to go buy a coke after this test just because Coke was written on the wall? No. I do not like coke, nor do I want one. The fact that there is an advertisement above my head does not change the fact that I do not drink soft drinks. Similarly my sister goes to a private school that only sells Pepsi products because of a contract with a Pepsi company. She does not like the taste of Pepsi and is not going to pay money for something she does not want just because it is there.Most people will buy what they need or want regardless of a sign on the wall. For the School newspaper last summertime I was required to sell five hundred dollars worth of ads. In every issue the ads are at the bottom of the page, but no one looks at them. Whether or not schools should be ad free is a trivial questi on because the majority of the people do not notice those ads around them.Since ads do not have a negative influence upon students schools should be able to accept necessary funds from corporations. Without advertisements the newspaper staff I am on could not publish or distribute our paper, sports programs would not have as much money and would not be as efficient, drinks for students would cost more. Corporate support makes things that might have been impossible originally, possible. Corporate funds are necessary for a successful school.Corporate support through advertisements and contracts should be allowed so that schools can attain money needed for various programs. Advertisements have little to no influence on students, but the money they bring in can make a world of difference.Score 5Opens with a statement of the basic issue, indication support for corporate sponsorship Acknowledges the opposition to corporate sponsorship in schools but does little to evaluate this position D evelops a tenuous argument that is somewhat tangential to the central issue-that ads are acceptable in schools because people dont pay attention to ads anyway Makes some use ofpersonal anecdote as evidenceContains language that conveys the writers ideas but lacks maturityAdvertisements are seen everywhere, everyday and by everyone. They stimulate the economy and make products and services know to the public more and more, companies are sponsoring schools in order to get their product known. Some say that schools should be an environment free from ads and corporate influence, but the ads provide necessary funding for schools which benefits the students.There is not reason there shouldnt be advertisements in schools. The companies give the school money simply to show their logo or sell their products. The money given to the schools goes towards new computers, new technology and better teacher. If the money is given to the sports teams it goes towards new uniforms, equipment and better coaches. All of these things benefit the student in everyway the student has better resources and is more motivated to do well and succeed. many an(prenominal) schools in less fortunate areas receive a majority of their funds from companies that need to advertise. Say for instance the school needed to make changes or repairs to the facility, where would the money come from? Since the parents, students or community members wouldnt be able to donate, the companies have to step in. without the corporate funding, repairs to facilities, new technology and better resources become available to the students that other wouldnt have the access to them.In conclusion, there is no legitment reason that advertisements should not be allowed in schools. It is all around beneficial for the students, teachers, and the school itself. The advertisement or products placed in the schools are informative to the students and staff, and allow east access to the product. If not, the ad can simply be ignore d just as in everyday life. The money given to the school greatly outweighs any negative of advertising.The money allows for better facilities, teachers, resources, and equipment, which enevitably allows the students to do better. Dont you want your child to succeed?Score 4Makes an assertion about the pervasiveness of advertisingBriefly mentions the view opposing ads in schools but does not evaluate or expound on this position Argues in favor of corporate sponsorship but is inadequate because of its simplistic development Prose suggests immature control of languageShould corporations be allowed to influence students at school with ads? Schools need money to have certain programs. Corporatiosn are allowed to give schools money to sponsor sports, libraries, music rooms, cafeterias, hallyways and textbooks.It takes a lot of money to have sports teams. Schools have to pay insurance, coachs, buses to take teams to games, repairs in equipment, and buying equipment. Schools also have to p ay for extra activities, books, and other expanses. Corporations that sponsor some of these expanses are helping the schools. The only determine to pay is logos and ads.Now school is suppose to be a safe learning environment. Children are not suppose to be exposed to other influences while they are learning. Colorful ads and logos are distracting. While schools might need the money, their should be a limit to the inference of some partnerships. Like the soda and chip companies. Vending machines with unhealthy foods should not be allowed in schools.It is a common fact that schools need money and are influenced by their partnerships with corporations. There should be a limit to ads and logos. Having them in gymnasiums and football stadiums is okay. Having them in classrooms and other places in the school where education should be theprimary and only influences is not a position schools should be in. A line needs to be drawn.Score 3Acknowledges pros and cons of corporate sponsorship b ut evaluates them inadequately and superficially Moves abruptly from one position (paragraph two) to the next (paragraph 3) Presents a position on the issue, stating that there are some circumstances in which corporate sponsorship is appropriate, others where it is not Contains weak, often labored writing, showing poor syntactic controlIt is true that corporations have long supported high school athletics. For one, athletics require the most outside money, due to the nature of expenses. Other than that, there is usually nothing corporate about high school. However, that is slowly beginning to change. The extent to which corporate support is unsolved in schools is increasing and is very beneficial to the school.Schools have logos all over. Most advertise goings-on within the school. Others simply say THIS IS SPARTA And others have corporate backings. These last ones are beneficial to schools in that they draw in money for the school. Budget cuts and things of that nature continuously seem to plague the public school system.Score 2Demonstrates little success in evaluating and fetching a position on corporate sponsorship Substitutes a simpler task than the prompt calls for, merely attempting to explain the need for corporate help rather than developing a clear position Offers little developmentShows some syntactic ability but generally weak in control of languageEssay 9Sponsorships between schools and corporations are indeed beneficial. There are all sorts of expenses to worry about for sports teams, and in turn the partnership helps businesses. The exposure to such business may even influence students who want to pursue a similar career.Advertising plays a vital role in sponsorships. By seeing the logos around school and on uniforms, more customers are brought into business.Score 1Claims support for corporate partnerships does not develop the position Does not evaluate pro and conUses simplistic, repetitious language

Evolution of American democracy from 1865 to date Essay

Evolution of American democracy from 1865 to dateIntroduction coupled States is the jump country to experience liberal democracy. Democracy in this country is considered to have begun in 1788 with the introduction of a parliamentary constitution. Its democracy is constantly evolving. Here, we sh on the whole argue how the American democracy has evolved over time from 1865 to present and the pressure that endures among liberty and equality. It is imperative to mention that America is a country made of galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) different races like the Native Americans, Indians, and some blacks. on that point have ever been ideas of racism between these races over time. To begin with, the 13th amendment passed in 1865 abolished any fake of slave trade or servitude except with a court order for such treatment. Before the the blacks had been subjects of slavery and would go by torture. Clauses like the amendment of three-fifths and the emancipation annunciation ha d previously protected slavery fully. During this time, in that location was anxiety for freedom and equality with many natives being jailed for slavery. In 1866 and 1867, there was the reconstruction period in which the presidency tried to help black Americans who had been victims of slavery gain their political, social and economic freedom. Many whites were against this, but the government was strict about its stand. This shows the gap that had existed between the blacks and whites their masters. In 1868, the sexual congress enacted the bill which allowed federal employees to work for 8 hours completely per day but industrial workers would proceed with 10-12 hours work days. In the same year, the majority of the members of Legislature were men with a numerate of 87 seats of the 117 available (Carol 234). This was a step in the equality and the freedom all American citizens. As if that is not enough, in 1869 the first transcontinental railway line enabled the Africans to enj oy train services which had been a privilege of the whites before then. In the same year, the fifth amendment was enacted which stated that the voting right would not be denied on a racial basis but only men were allowed to vote. In the same year, the tie of womens suffrage was painsed to fight for the rights of women. This was a major rise in the freedom of the general American citizens since only whites would vote before then. There were no main changes in the democracy of America between 1870 and 1874. However, in 1875, the act of Civil Rights was passed which guaranteed equal rights to blacks to go visit any public readiness like hotels and hospitals. The whites avered against this, and many were sentenced for discrimination. In the same year, the separation of roads between blacks and whites to a fault came to an end. It is thus clear that the whites were not contented with how the government was acting, but the Africans touch for more equality and freedom. In 1877, an est ablishment to prevent cruelty of adults to children was passed. The rising cases of child labor and torture forced the locals to form this society. In the same year, Rutherford became chairman, and he put to an end radical republican program which led to discrimination of the blacks in the south. He to a fault called for policies which would improve the wellbeing of blacks who had just been freed from slavery. Between 1800 and 1900, the number of American immigrants rose dramatically and the Chinese exclusion act was formed. Americans did not take that lightly, and racism cases came to a rise until the government outlawed the import of Chinese workforce for ten years. The immigrants held to their religion, and the government protected them fully assuring them of their freedom and equality. In 1881, James Garfield took over as the president after the death of his substitution but he was also shot repayable to his strict policy ensuring fairness and equality. Chest Arthur succeeded him, and the congress passed the Pendleton tour, which made all government positions obtainable only through written exam. This denied the citizens their voting rights. It also protected workers from getting fired due to their political stands. Arthur also fought for the reduction of traffic levies through the Traffic Act enacted in 1883. This aimed at improving the economic freedom of the citizens. In 1885, Grover took over as the president following Arthurs death. He was against the favoring of any economic host and the distribution of seeds to farmers who had experienced drought in Texas and fought for the reduction of spunky tariffs on the poor. In 1888s elections, he received fewer votes due to his draconian bills and policies. This demonstrates the dissatisfaction of the majority of American citizens to have a fair and just political and social system. In 1886, there was more industrial workers unrest with many of them taking to the streets to protest against dangerous wor king conditions and long working hours. The American Federation of labor was formed to oversee fair treatment of striking employees. Surprisingly, the police exploded a bomb in a meeting of labor leaders killing many. This showed the denial of the freedom to hold a meeting and the right to have a peaceful demonstration. In 1886, France awarded U.S a statue of liberty which read, Give to me your poor and tired masses trying to breathe free, the refuse of your hands. Send these home slight tosts to me. This shows the pressure by other countries to U.S to change its stand against abolition of slavery. In 1865, the Sherman Anti-trust Act which protected trade and commerce against illegal monopolies was also enacted. It demonstrated the zeal by the government to have its citizens gain financial freedom especially the poor. Between 1890 and 1930, many Americans spirit in villages began moving to towns leading to urbanization and industrialization. This led to poor pay. As a result, diffe rent groups fighting for women, labor and blacks rights were formed. Social protests, on the other hand, became rampant. This shows the denial of freedom and equality amongst some American citizens and a fight for revolution. In 1893, a major labor boycott took place in America due to overturnting of wages by the Pullman Railway Company. Many workers supported this and president Clevend sent his troops to deal with them. Debs, an author was sentenced to 6 months imprisonment for criticizing capitalism. It shows the reluctance of the government in delivering to the public the right for a fair hearing and expression. In 1896, the high court gave a ruling that facilities were favoring segregation were constitutional. This led to a rise in differences in education, economic and living styles. In the same year, the field Association of women was formed to push for better reforms favoring the rights and freedom of women. It demonstrates the anxiety to have freedom by women. Sexual judgm ent declaring African women immoral and sexual were also put to an end. Oppression and segregation continued leading to the formation of African Niagara society in 1917 which fought against all forms of discrimination especially against the blacks. To their surprise, the industrial workers of the world were founded which was passing radical was formed. The food and meat acts were also passed to safeguard the consumer rights who are the American citizens. No important reforms took place took place not until 1920 when the 19th Amendment of suffrage of women was passed which gave all women the right to vote. The act stated that the right of American citizens to vote would not be denied by any state on gender basis. To summate to that, there were red scare raids this aimed at arresting everyone who was a communist or mistreated the blacks. It was a clear move demonstrating the governments stand in matters of segregation. The immigration act was also enacted restricting entry of immigr ants to the United States. In 1928, the Supreme Court gave a ruling that all schools were not allowed to segregate Mexican-American children. This was in a bid to protect the innocent children from torture. At this time, the World War 1 had just come to a stop and many people lived beneath the poverty line. To see the ending of that, the social security Act was formulated in 1935 to fund for pensions and unemployment compensation providing some economic security to American citizens. To add to that, between 1941 and 1945 there was a major recruitment of women to the workforce after men went to fight in world war two. There was also well-mannered rights protest in the same year to advocate equality between the blacks and whites. Fortunately, in 1954 the Supreme Court ruled against racial segregation and declared that go against but equal facilities were constitutional (Julian 107). This means that there was an improvement in there was an improvement in the constitutional rights of the blacks. The birth control pill for women was also introduced in the same year rewriting the future of women, family and national life. In 1963, John Kennedy introduced a new civic rights bill and a tax cut which proposed equal treatment and taxation of all citizens and it was passed. It was however amended in 1965 leading to massive protests in the black streets who demanded equal representation in the congress and job opportunities. A major improvement was in 1966 when the Civil Rights Act was passed. It prohibited any form of discrimination in recruitment, job opportunities, wages and living standards. Malcolm X who tried to argue for black pride through black separatism was murdered. People demanded to know the cause of his death through demonstrations and unrest. The national organization of women was also founded in the same year to fight for the rights of women. The preceding years were faced with economic instability and people were working hard to improve on their livin g standards. In 1989, however, President Bush declared that no new taxes would be levied on the American citizens. Together with the congress, they did away with the tax exemptions on high income earners. He also introduced a health insurance tax for poor families and tax reduction for each family that bought new homes. This raised taxes on the wealthy and they benefited less from it leading to their protests. In 1991, bush nominated Clarance Thomas to the Supreme Court. He was a black American having idea of a normal conservative and civil rights organizations were against this. Bush seemed to be against racism and any other form of inequality. In 1993, Bill Clinton took over as the president and tried to lift the economy through increasing public and private investments. He introduced the GOALS bill of 2000 which introduced a new health care policy and increased strictness on crime and hysteria (Jill 124). This was all in a bid to secure the right to a better health care for all American citizens. Another significant improvement in democracy was in 2007 when the first woman was sworn to be the speaker in House of Representatives. In spite of all that, Barack Obama was elected the first black American defeating his Republican opponent McCain. In 2009, Hillary Clinton was sworn as secretary of state becoming the first lady to serve in the position. Obama has brought many changes in the health sector and the taxation of Americans. He is however keen to maintain equality among all American citizens. Currently, United States is a fully democratic and economically stable. There are few cases of racial discrimination and no single law is in favor of that. The president is a black American and the rights of all Americans are fully safeguarded. The industrial and health care act passed in 2013 helps ensure better healthcare and protection of all workers against any form of mistreatment by their employers. In conclusion, America has gone through many eras and under d ifferent presidents who either promoted democracy or fought against it. Democracy was highly never achieved due to racism and some acts which favored it. However, one can appreciate the steps taken by the American government to oversee democracy.ReferencesJulian, Zeliar. The American Congress the builing of democracy.New York Houghton Mifflin Harcout2004 stigmaJilll, Lepore . Evolution of American democracy. New York Princeton Univ. press.2008.Print.Carol Berkin. History of the United States since 1865. New York Cengage Learning.2014.PrintSource document