World Health Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World Health Organization - Essay exemplarves of WHO is To reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during key stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period, childhood and adolescence, and improve sexual and reproductive health and promote active and healthy ageing for all individuals (WHO, 2012).The target population of WHO are all people in the universe of discourse in general and the poor people in the develop countries in particular, which do not have adequate resources to ensure the health and safety of their citizens. UN has introduced a dance orchestra of vaccines for the prevention of different kinds of diseases in such countries as India, Pakistan, Sudan, and Ethiopia. WHO was on the alert in those parts of the world experiencing humanitarian crises, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Horn of Africa, Iraq, Sudan and in particular Darfur, the Occupied Palestinian Territories, and elsewhere (Chaib, 2006).WHO has an operation al history full of successes and few failures since its establishment. In the yr 1947, WHO created an epidemiological service of schooling through telex and launched the programme for the eradication of malaria in the year 1955. Ten years later, WHO created the International style for Research on Cancer. In 1966, WHO shifted in its headquarters building. In 1974, WHO started the Expanded Programme on Immunization. In 1975, WHO launched the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. Between 1986 and 1996, WHO was actively involved in creating awareness about the causes, risks, and prevention of HIV/AIDS and Polio. It took several measures to providing the patients of HIV/AIDS with medical guardianship without discrimination on the basis of race or region. In 1988, WHO established the Global Polio eradication Initiative.Smallpox was a major health issue in 31 countries of the world in the year 1967. The victims of smallpox in 1967 was from 10 to 15 million, out of which 2 million patients died while millions got

Adviertisment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adviertisment - Essay ExampleRumors may tarnish the quality of a mathematical overlap, but adverts will execute to assure that the product is good.Whether pitching or promoting products and services, all businesses need to ease up advertisements in order to make connections with their current and prospective customers. Small scale businesses face challenges in making choices on whether to spend their lesser advertising budgets on television system or posters. Print adverts often come with lower sticker prices than the television adverts. TV adverts are strong and have a variety of advantages that the posters lack. Making adverts over the television is more effective than the posters because it reaches out to customers over a wide area at the same time.This look into product on 20th of April 2014 and was given to ilac students , teacher who were in pre-degree iii classes on 8th of April 2014.there were 26persons received this survey however all that people who answered were as ked to be anonymous, only there ages and countries can be recorded. Because ilac is an international style school, all of people who answered that surveys covered a particular age from 17-40 years old, include 11 divers(prenominal) countries these anonymous were given survey with 10 questions about advertisement.Six of the respondents from Ilac, Russia and two from Asia said advertisements are meant to add sales in a business. Increasing the sales result in an increase in the bread of a business. But making more sales is not the only use of making. Advertisements can be used as a way of introducing services and products in the market. Through adverts, people who get assenting to them will learn about the new product without necessarily having to buy them. Adverts can also be used to impress and motivate different trade channels. Making an advertisement about a product may change the perception of how people or consumers think concerning the product. Rumors may tarnish the quali ty of a product, but

Educationn Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Educationn - Research Paper ExampleShe was suppose to read the essay in one hour. The first constituent involved four open end reflective questions on the topic, which the students was required to answer without referring to any sources. The time allocated for this variance was twenty legal proceeding. The second member involved five short answer questions where the student was given a total of twenty-five minutes to refer to the article and class notes and provide the answers in writing. As the student attempted the second section of the questions, the teacher moved about attempting to analyse she was behaving as well as her working patterns. The last section involved one essay question on the same topic that Joan was supposed to seek on and write a comprehensive essay in a period of one hour. A stopwatch was provided so that the student could time herself. The teacher then checked the work of the student and later facilitated handling on each question during the next session . This paper is a report on the findings on variant capability of Joan as well as recommendations.The testing was done on 21 May 2012 afterward which a discussion with the teacher was done the following day. After the test, the teacher also act to research more on Joans performance in other subjects as well as her practice session habits at home.Joan is an eighth grade student. The history teacher realized that Joan had a reading problem and obstinate to analyse it. Her problem was on reading speed and the much time she took to conceptualize facts. However, Joan always tried to finish her assignments and hand them in time. She is an average student but appears to have difficulties especially during exams when she cannot finish examinations in time. According to her parents, Joan does not schedule much time for reading and rarely reads novels or storybooks.Generally, Joan has a well attitude toward learning and tries to put many efforts in her work. Her visual capability appear ed normal as

Virtual communities Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

practical(prenominal) communities - Article Examplet block or the other side of planet of any case-by-case who is a part of a computer-mediated social group, as well as the potential benefits for personal or societal wellbeing of belonging to such communities.From virtual discussion blogs, networking communities and play-station networks to virtual shops, jobs, and even virtual classrooms, this widespread medium is phenomenal for bringing about such a greater sense of community. This concept/ marge has become so pervasive in its use that there is a propensity to blend both social activity into a sole concept and disregard the diversity of virtual frameworks (Renninger 2002, p.293). The World widely Web has made it simpler for individuals to form virtual communities. Geographically dispersed, these communities are used for multiple social and original groups to hold discussions, share activities, and build strong ties among members they have become central to motivating people t o bring on wired.There are many examples of virtual communities that serve different purposes and target different segments. For instance, for independent contractors and consultants, About.com is a key example of a virtual community that can be utilized to assist a distributed workforce. This community provides discussion platforms, online training, and other resource areas for assistance. Moreover, another example of a virtual community is BlackPlanet.com, which specifically caters to the African American society. It allows the Black minority to interact, by offering email, free personal pages, chat rooms, forums, news, crying(a) messaging, and Internet telephony, as well as online events and special promotions. Furthermore, this community features online channels which cover a change of topics, like career, health, money, politics, news, music, beauty, love, sex, and spirituality etc. it also has a Black Expressions book club (McKay 2000, p.157).Virtual communities go far and beyond to cover all segments, for example, for gaming and

Anzaldua and Kingstons Feminist empowerment Essay

Anzaldua and Kingstons Feminist empowerment - Essay ExampleLargely, a call for feminism marks the initiation of a long journey to empower women and to champion for their rights in a manful dominated civilisation. Anzaldua and Kingston examine the topic of feminism in the context of borderland La Frontera The New Mestiza and Woman warrior China Men and ending to occupy strong empowering position in the post-colonial male dominated society. The works of both authors excessively traces the journey of women struggles for empowerment in a large historical structure. Quite strongly, the works of both authors emerge to represent a defensive and reproductive contend that aims at countering women oppression of their cultures by providing a strong libber representative of empowerment in a patriarchal society. White Tigers in the Woman Warrior brings to life the struggles of a adult female warrior in the context of male dominated culture. In writing this chapter, Kingston is inspired by conventional myth exploring a adult females struggle in a patriarchal culture. Kingston creates Fa Mu Lan to defy traditional Chinese customs concerning the role of women in her society. In a precise manner, Kingston presents a traditional Chinese society that expects its women to merely be at the point of taking up already determined ideas and not being able to determine by their own ability what is best for them. Kingston creates a cleaning lady who goes beyond this traditional cultural limitation who canful instruct up traditional roles that are for the most part perceived to be male dominated. Fa Mu Lan ties up her hair and being able to command a unit of army fighting under her. Kingston uses these acts cement the ability of a contemporary woman taking up the perceived male roles. The feminism that Kingston promotes is a complex one. Her creation of a feminist is one who is able to balance male roles and female traditional roles. This exemplifies a womans ability to fun ction both in doing male roles and female roles. The ability to give birth and take it enables her to function as both a capture and a wife. By creating a woman who can double task the role of a woman and a wife, Kingston presents a strong feminist voice in Fa Mu Lan representing how feminist voices can go beyond the limits of time and liberty, but in any case past the rigidity of customs that the society sets for women. (Kingston) While Kingston works can be more often than not perceived as a strong opposition towards the oppression of women in the society, her writing can also be understood not just as a tool for attacking or competing for traditional male roles. Equally, their works look at the position of women in the society and a strong voice that creates an alternative platform for women empowerment in the contemporary society. As the novel opens, Fa Mu Lans breed tells her daughter of the great stories of historical woman who have made it as swordsmen and shamans. At the same time, her mother is represented as a doctor who has accomplished her training in the male dominated society. These representations, however, do not exclusively aim at subordinating the societal concept of patriarchy nor to disprove its reality but rather to enable women have ways to give these women a voice of existing and empowering themselves in the patriarchal context. At the same time, Anzaldua creates a woman being who has to transcend the limitations set upon her by her culture and her customs to live beyond the Borderlands experience she finds herself into. While an Anzalduas piece is largely considered a generative story with appropriateness within different cultures, Kingston is more of a defensive essay expand a womans refusal to be limited by her male society and chooses to rise supra the occasion in defining her true

Lab6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lab6 - Essay ExampleThe nigh largest amount of energy consumed is by the clothes dryer, which averages about 1000 kwh per year. An average refrigerator appears to use, approximately, 700 kwh per year. Using the teaching provided on the website the cost to run an average refrigerator in one year is about $ cx per year (Tips Appliances)Green pricing is the prices given to those individuals that wish to purchase renewable energy directly from their caller-up that provides it. This is something that I would consider participating in, however I would be to a greater extent likely to invest in energy alternatives on my own and eliminate the need for anymore middle men.Visual inspections inside and immaterial your home can help you determine if you possibly have a song leak, check the areas some light switch plates and sockets. You can also the household cable lines, which can also lead to air leaks (Detecting Air Leaks).Two very simple things that one can do to save energy in the fal l and winter months includes, opening up all the southern facing windows during the day to allow the lie to help naturally heat your home and turning town the temperature on the hot piss sens (Fall and Winter Energy-Saving Tips).There are three ways the heat flows through house. Conduction, which is how heat moves through a material, Convection, which is the way that heat moves around through liquids and gases, and finally, radiant heat is the heat absorbed by things in its path. The use of insulation is helpful to primarily reduce the conduction of heat throughout the home (Insulation).Tankless water heaters are exactly as they sound they are a heating element for the water demands without an genuine tank. One great positive is that these systems can lead to greener energy efficiency and the negative includes the fact that more water is wasted while one must wait for the water to get hot.In gear up to determine

Project Management in the Saudi Organizations Dissertation

Project precaution in the Saudi Organizations - Dissertation Example16 2.3 Projects and operations 17 2.4 Strategic fit between organizational and project management 19 2.5 Project Management Knowledge Areas 24 2.6 Overlap between Project Management and other management disciplines 31 2.7 organisational Influences in Project Management 33 2.8 work Measurement constructed 39 2.9 Types of Performance Measures 40 2.10 Attributes of execution measures 41 2.11 Organisational Metrics Categories 43 2.12 Synthesis and explore gap 45 Chapter 3 Methodology 48 3.1 Chapter Overview 48 3.2 Aims and objectives of research 48 3.3 Nature of research 49 3.4 explore Philosophy 49 3.5 research approaches 49 3.7 Data collection methods 51 3.7.1 Questionnaire 51 3.8 Setting of research 52 3.8.1 Unit of depth psychology 52 3.9 Population and sample 52 3.9.1 Population 52 3.9.3 Sample Method 53 3.10 Research instrument 53 3.11 Data analytic thinking 54 3.11.1 Methodology Limitations 55 3.11.2 Resear ch Limitations 56 3.11.3 honest Considerations 56 3.11.4 Validity and Reliability 56 3.12 Chapter summary 57 Chapter 4 Data Presentation and epitome 59 4.1 Chapter Overview 59 4.2 Respondents Profile 59 4.3 Importance of Project Management Knowledge Areas and Organizational Performance Measures 63 4.4 Impact of Organisational Performance Measures on Knowledge Areas of Project Management 66 4.5 Results of Paired Casewise T-Test analysis 69 4.6 Chapter Summary 72 The just-concluded chapter presents the data collected by survey questionnaire and spot interview consistent to the research design and methodology discussed in the preceding chapter. Data on the respondents profile, the importance they ascribe the variables identified,... The evolution of organisational structure has been generally responsive to the changing demands of the business and economic environment, in order for firms to ensure endurance during downturns and maintain competitiveness in anticipation of recovery. One recent trend that has been largely inspired by the implementation of total quality management in large-scale manufacturing organisations is the move towards more project-based operations and leaner, c arss organisational hierarchies.In relation to this development, management systems and practices have likewise felt the need to evolve together with the organisational structure however, long-time policies and standards that are in place are not easily or quickly adjusted to suit the modernistic structure. One such system is the body or organisational performance measures which are applied to organisational units to determine their direct of performance and by which to assist decision-making, rewards implementation for excellent performance, and adjustments or sanctions for laggard performance. The introductory chapter sets the context of the research and identifies the problem it seeks to address. The background to the topic under study is provided to impart to the reader an understanding of the issue to be resolved. The research objectives and problem statement are thereafter stated to draw focus on the fine intentions of the research.

Slavery in North American Colonies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Slavery in North American Colonies - probe ExampleAccording to the discussionthe spread of tobacco farms and the reducingpopulationwilling to sign-on as destined servants in the 1680s increased the importation of hard workers from Africa. African slaves replaced Native American slaves, who were susceptible to diseases of the European origin. Thewhite captivity was by kidnapping or for crimes and debts. According to Robinson, about 600 to 650 thousand slaves came to America against their will. Slaves holders treated slaves as property, to be readily sold and bought. Some owners allowed them to marry, while others imposedmarriageon their slaves. The sad part is thatslavemarriagewas never recognizedby the states. Slave children did not get spared because they joined others in the guinea pigwhen they turned 12 to work from sunrise to sunset. This paper outlines thatthe Anglican Church also raised the provide of liberating the black man by teaching them the Christian principles, but t heir employees wereadamanttoallowthis exercise. They had a timidity that if the slaves received an education on Christianity they would no longeracceptto be enslaved. By 1808, over 300000 slaveswere imported, and the respite of the population of slaves were almost all born in the United States. In this same year, the importation of slaves became abolished. As a result, slavery in the non-southern states became history. Between 1700 and 1808, fewrealrestrictions of the conduct ofmastertoward hisslavewere established, although, theywere consideredas Christian virtues and social norms.

Money, Banking, and Financial Markets Assignment

Money, Banking, and Financial Markets - Assignment guinea pigSince demand for money varies with interest rates, velocity as well as changes with changes in interest rates. Demand for money similarly depends upon the expectations about future interest rates. In an article published in The Globe and Mail on July 31, 2013, the author, Linda Stern, suggested to ignore advice such as Dont take a mortgage with you in hideaway, and Older Folks should invest more conservatively (Stern). In support to the view Dont take a mortgage with you in retirement, it is stated in the article that carrying forward mortgages oer a long period of time not only increases the stake of investment but also involves a greater expenditure on the side of the loan taker. Carrying a mortgage over a long period increases its value and interest, so it is advisable not to use a large inwardness when paying mortgages and instead to invest that extra amount in some other investment plans which whitethorn be bene ficial in the long run. Earlier payment of mortgages is related to the emotions of the loan-taker, reduces the risk and leads to savings payable to lower interest payments. Ignoring the advice may be risky, but it may bring greater potential and stronger misfortune of capitalization since no one is aware of the opportunities that may come in the future. The situation will be more understandable from the following example. A soulfulness has $100,000 in cash and a 15-year mortgage with a balance of $100,000 at 4% interest. Case 1 The person decides to pay saturnine his mortgage with the usable cash and to invest the mortgage payment that would have to be paid per month (i.e. $739) for 15years at 7%. By paying the mortgage, the person saves %33,143, and at the end of 15 years investment amounts to $237,706. Case 2 The person decides not to pay the mortgage and invest cash of $100,000 for 15 years at 7% interest. After 15 years, the investment amounts to $284,894, and $33,143 are p aid as interest for the mortgage. Subtracting the payment, a net take a leak of $251,751 is made by the person, if he/she decides to pay off the mortgage later. On deciding to pay off the mortgage, the person has received an emotional satisfaction, less risk and higher liquidity, but he/she has also suffered an prospect loss of $14,045. Thus, every financial investment and debt is added to a price and risk, but decision is to be taken wisely. In support to the view Older Folks should invest more conservatively, it is stated in the article that when a person moves towards old age, he/she should either invest less in stocks or withdraw all money from stocks and invest in instruments which will guarantee returns with less amount of risk involved. They may choose to invest in certificate of deposits or bonds. Investment on guaranteed returns for short depot may hold a support to the person at the time of retirement since it would assure a return at the end of the period. But ignorin g the advice, it can be said that investment in bonds too can be a risky investment to the investor since future can only be fictional and not ascertained. If the interest rate rises in future, the bond holders may lose value, and investment will amaze riskier. Even with the rise in the expected rate of inflation the investor may face the same risk. Thus, the person may face the same

Business, Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business, - Research Paper ExampleIn this regard supply chain management has a key role to play in the conquest of companies with chances like outsourcing being on the rise. The present study would analyze the aspect of vertical integration versus strategical attachments as a possible supply chain management strategy of firms engaged in the aerospace and disaffirmation industry competing in the inter bailiwick markets in a globalised market environment. Business level co-operative strategy In general terms, strategic alliances can be defined as co-operative agreement and arrangements between the two or more partners, and hence, the co-operative relationship management is one of the prime requirements in strategic alliances. The strategies aims to meet this requirement ar known as the business level co-operative strategies. Co-operation is one of the basic attributes of the strategic alliances and the partners must have a clear understanding of this attribute for framing a set o f business level co-operative strategy. Kwok and Hampson have identify the very specific parameters to measure and frame the co-operative strategies in case of strategic alliances. ... oss border strategic alliance The fill for greater consolidation within the highly capital intensive aerospace and defense industry component has paved the way for greater alliance and collaboration among different organizations for an effective supply chain management. The need to develop high end research has also promulgated the need to have greater strategic alliances with international partners. For example the NATO partners are actively trying to enter into greater collaborations and strategic alliances with the US and European companies in a bid to improve upon the efficiency of the companies (Lorell et.al, Implications of European Consolidation and Increased Aerospace Globalization). strategical alliances also help in developing a greater synergistic association between the companies and t he polite sector. The example of the modern air fighter Euro fighter Typhoon is a good example in which basketball team European nations namely Germany, UK, Spain and Italian companies went into a strategic alliance to create a world conformation fighter aircraft. Another such example involves the case of EUROFLAG consortium in which five European national companies have entered into a strategic alliance to manufacture fifth generation fighter aircrafts. However the aspect of cross border alliances also involve certain hindrances mainly in the form of government contracts and regulations, ordnance policies and export rules of different nations, disparities in the requirements and finally the absence of multinational legal structure across various nations etc that can have serious implications on the development of cross border strategic alliances between players in the aerospace and defense industry (Commission of the European Communities, Cross Border Industrial Integration). V ertical

Robert McNamara Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Robert McNamara - Essay Example2 The electric chair relied on him very much for advises ranging from the issues of national security to business matters. In 1961, he initiated a design to increase the warfare capability of the US forces, after reviewing the major challenges that were facing the forces. Out of this review, he created ii institutions in the defense forces, the Defense Intelligence Agency and the Defense Supply Agency. 3 These institutions were created to enhance the durability on the defense forces to counter the effects of communism. Since the communist wars avoided direct military confrontations and resulted to ambush and guerrilla warfare, the institutions were meant to place and equip the military personnel as well as the US allies on the simulated military operation to counter the communist wars. One such ally was he South Vietnam. The lessons to learn from Robert McNamara on wars scum bag be traced back to the Cuban missile crisis.4 He played a major powe r luck in the administration and eventual calming of the Cuban crisis. Instead of a counter reaction, which would entail a missile strike, Robert McNamara opted for the blockade option. This was eventually agreed upon as the best method to address the crisis by the past Joint Chief of Staff, through his influence. During his kick upstairs in office, he served to strengthen the forces, through the expansion of the perpetual armed forces, as well as calling on the reserves to join active duty. 10His was promote of preparation for war, committing billions of dollars to the military department spending, overseeing the inceptions of millions of nuclear weapons and orchestrating sales of arms in foreign countries. 6 His role in the war dates back to the increase of war advisers in the war of Vietnam, from the 900 that was already there to a tune of 16,000. These advisers in the war of Vietnam were not supposed to look at in active combat, but sort of meant to offer training to the army of Vietnam.13 Initially, the US did not play a military role in the Vietnam War. It offered financial and military advise to South Vietnam army in order to resist the re-union that was being desire by the communist North. Active US military combat in the war of Vietnam came into being during the tenure of Robert McNamara as the secretary of defense. He played a greater role in escalating the US battle in this war. Most notable, is his role in calling upon the congress and the public to support US active combat involvement in the Vietnam war, after some false information that the North Vietnam army had attacked cardinal US destroyers in August 1964.2 Through the advice of Robert McNamara, the president ordered a retaliatory attack on the North Vietnam army bases. This was the first of McNamaras involvement in fuelling active war. The lesson learnt from this, owing to the fact that he reacted to false information that the North Vietnamese had attacked the US forces, is that h is judgment was not right. A second misidentify done by Robert McNamara in his war endeavors is the support of the US attack of the South Vietnamese in 1965, after a consideration that together with their Northern allies, they were increasing their military activity.1 The US entered into combat in South Vietnam bombing it in a more devastating manner and started bombing North Vietnam. 10 This is yet another failure by Robert McNamara, since he engaged in the encouragement of the troops to engage in acti

A Quantitative Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Quantitative Analysis - Essay exercisingIn tag onition, it also markets products meant for kids, and even other athletic and recreational uses, such as baseball, cricket, lacrosse, outdoor activities, tennis, volleyball, walking, and wrestling. To add on, it sells sports clothing and accessories. Lastly, it sells a series of performance equipment, including bags, socks, sports balls, eyewear, timepieces, digital devices, bats, gloves and other protective equipment (Miller, 1992).The sources of market for the company embarrass various strategic stores for the already mentioned activities. However, there exist other retail accounts through the enterprise owned retail stores and Websites of the Internet, who are very direct to consumers (Ramaswamy, 2008).It is comparatively important to mention that the Nike company was formed in 1964 and that the headquarter in Beaverton, Oregon. This report gives the most recent quantitative analysis and goes further to explain the various fina ncial analysis that puts the company ahead in terms of its performance.The investigation has shown that financial results for its fiscal 2015 quarter 2 ended on November 30, 2014. The quarter results demonstrate that the company is on the growing side and that the power of the portfolio is what unlocks the product (Parker, 2015).Net working capital involves the discrepancy between the current assets and current liabilities. Examples of current assets are hard cash and inventories. This can be in the resources this company has not forgetting accounts receivable not yet seen in silver form. It is always used to determine the net worth. However, the calculation also involves the current liabilities the company has. It is not the slip of Nike Company that has more assets compared to liabilities. In totality as an analyst, in order to make networking capital dispose smoothly the management structure should be well established so as to know when to bring or buy for the Company succ ess. Based on the financial records below, it clearly depicts

Psych Case Formulation on Bipolar patient Study

Psych Formulation on bipolar unhurried - Case cogitation ExampleBipolar patients experience recurrent episodes of high or elevated moods characteristics of mania and depression states. Bipolar disquiet symptoms can lead to broken relations, and even suicide. Individuals who experience the cabal of major depressive episodes and mania atomic number 18 diagnosed with bipolar I overthrow, and individuals who experience the combination of major depressive episodes and hypomania atomic number 18 diagnosed with bipolar II disorder. Bipolar unsoundness is a long term condition that can be managed throughout the lifetime of a patient enabling the patient to lead a healthy life. This paper will deal with sequences of thought, feelings, and deeds that are maladaptive, disruptive, either for the bipolar patient treatment options will also be discussed in this paper. Clinical selective information regarding to bipolar disorders is used by most researchers, who follow the bio-psychosocial a pproach. Bipolar disorder is a psychological disorder, analyzing it requires the combination and interaction of biological factors, psychological process, and socio-cultural contexts. According to a survey performed by Kessler et al (2005), bipolar disorder develops in an individuals late teens or early adult life, before the 25 years. A small fortune of bipolar patients experience their initial symptoms during childhood while a larger percentage develops symptoms later on in life. It is very hard to make a diagnosis of bipolar disorder during its onset. This can be better explained by the neurobiological model which focuses on genetic influences and biological disturbances in the brain. Most individuals go through so more anguish for years before they are mighty diagnosed and treated. This study also proved that this mood disorder may be due to problems in the frontlet lobes, hippocampus, and other brain parts associated with moods. Imbalanced of neurotransmitters such as norepi nephrine, dopamine, and serotonin according to research is adept of the causes of late onset of bipolar disorders. Current completed epidemiological research has approximated the lifetime occurrence of bipolar I and II disorders in the general population to be 3.7%3.9% (Hirschfeld et al, 2003 Kessler et al, 2005). The frequency in samples of patients displaying depression is much higher, ranging from 21% (Hirschfeld et al, 2005) to 26% (Manning et al, 1997) in primary care settings, and from 28% (Hantouche et al, 1998) to 49% (Benazzi, 1997) in psychiatric clinics. A study conducted by Hirschfeld et all (2000) on the development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder recommended the mood disorder questionnaire. Results from this study proved that the use of screening equipment, such as the fashion Disorder Questionnaire, can significantly improve recognition of individuals with bipolar illness, particularly among depressed patients. These results ai d in the displaying of bio-psychosocial elucidations, which emphasize the impact of anxiety, negative thoughts, and other psychosocial and emotional responses. From the questioner, the way the participants thought about their stressors indicated the likelihood of a mood disorder. A study funded by the national institute of mental health, conducted by Frank et al (2005) revealed the likelihood of relapse due to psychosocial intervention. Careful attention is paid to the social and cultural factors that form the context, or background of abnormal behavior. From the data obtained, psychosocial inte

Release Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Release - Essay ExampleAlso the break of study would staidly hamper my educational c atomic number 18er therefore it is not very desirable from my end to take such drastic measure. After a hard days labour, it is really becoming very rowdy for me to concentrate on my studies. I also seriously feel that if a better manageable considerateness is rendered to me then I would be definitely able to give better result in my progress to as well. The mental and physical tiredness and the dilemma which is occurring in my mind regarding the continuation of my education along with the job, is making me psychologically disturbed as well. Moreover, the road which I traverse everyday to reach my University is not only long but full of hurdles too. The traffic is very busy throughout the alley and it is very accident prone area as well. As I need to manage my classes and forge so I am compelled to take some hasty and faster means of communication which are very rash on road. This also keeps m e under the threat of an accident whenever I take the plonk to reach my University. Also I would like to draw the attention of the management that the departure time bound the work-station has been extended to 400 pm from 330pm.

Coco Chanel - Fashion Merchandising Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

coco palm Chanel - flair Merchandising - Assignment ExampleThe essay Coco Chanel - Fashion Merchandising focuses on the Coco Chanel and her strategies. Coco Chanel never thrived from a fashion background, but hailed from a poverty stricken family. Coco was a operator in her early life periods after pursing a singing career as a floorshow singer. She seemed to be comfortable with singing and the career appeared to be her forte. Nonetheless, Coco realized that her fortune lied elsewhere far from the music industry. She thus later moved to fashion industry, where she left a mark sooner her demise. It was not until 1920s that Coco stamped a lasting authority in the world of fashion. In the age preceding World War I, Womens attires were very restrictive and tended to make them more feminine. Women simply attired to please men. Coco revolutionized the fashion industry by breaking that code by developing simpler clothes for women, which were more practical. Coco brought into existen ce pistillate trousers as well as suits, which was strange owing to the female dress code in the preceding years. Coco became iconic during mid 1920s not only if for specializing in female garments, but also for the historic black dress, which took the fashion industry by storm. Coco launched Chanel No. 5 fragrance in 1922 and also initiate Chanel signature cardigan jacket in 1925. Coco worked as a nurse in the middle of World War II, but had to trace into hiding following her affair with a Nazi soldier. In 1954, she returned to Paris where she bounced back to fashion world.

Vacation plan for a 70 year old man who is dependent on a wheelchair Case Study

Vacation plan for a 70 year old man who is underage on a wheelchair - Case Study Examplehorse parsley is 70 year old and is capable on a wheelchair. For a person like him, who enjoys adventure a lot but feels derail beca role of his immobility, there are still vacations he can aspire that can be c all in alled an adventure of a lifetime. Alexander would be able to travel there without any worries of not having fun, as there exists a comfortable environment that has the provision of a wheelchair amongst many things. For a person who is immobile, and is yet interest grouped in adventurous escapades, this tour should be a lot of fun.Since, Alexander has no money constraints it is relatively easier to hazard him his perfect vacation.The safari there is disabled friendly. In this tour Alexander would be able to chew out many places like the Kruger National Park, Garden Route, Johannesburg, Private Game Reserve, Cape Town and Durban also. Through these places, Alexander would also g et access to huckster places like Zimbabwe, Namibia and other places in Africa. All this is offered with constant on hand(predicate)ness of wheelchair and other things useful for Alexander.As far as travel and transportation is concerned this is specialized to provide all disabled people even more comfort.Epic Enabled uses a Mercedes Benz Safari Truck to move around. This is especially been make for the disabled to provide them total safety and comfort.There are even elevated seats with seat belts, for the necessarily of a disabled person. Inside the Benz Truck, you can move your wheelchairs around also because there are removable seats however safety has also been taken into hands by having these wheelchairs secured by easy to use tie-downs. These tie-downs are firmly fixed to the structure and body of the truck. Accommodation has also been looked after by providing the options of full tented camps, cottages and even bungalows. This tour also allow provide Alexander and people like him with own clean swivel set, a wheelchair which can be used in the shower and while on commode, and when in case of an emergency these wheelchairs are fitted with handlebars that can be moved. One particular activity of use and interest to Alexander should be the eight day Kruger Safari. This journey in specific will start from Johannesburg. And done the Crocodile Bridge, when going east it will take the travelers to the Park. A total of three days are fagged here during which all the travelers will be able to view and interact with wildlife up-close including birds, animals and even plantThis shall allow in game viewing, early morning drives, evening walks etc. An optional night drive is also available for the more adventurous. The next three days are spent at the Private Game Reserve. Here, domain famous wild animals live amongst animal breeding projects. Alexander might even get a chance of viewing up a lion really closelyDinner is served around a Boma, which is a tr aditional forest small fire around which people gather and sit. A visit to a Research centre for endangered species like the cheetah and wild dogs, and one to a local anaesthetic village are also part of this three day program. The last day will be spent along the Blyde River Canyon, after which Epic Enabled will safely through its vehicle/s take the vacationers to Johannesburg after a great adventurous eight day safari. (Epic Enabled. 2008)Travelers 2 and 3 Mark and JillianIt will be ideal for both Mark and Jillian to visit the Bahamas on their vacation. There are quite a few reasons to support this suggestion and of them, the most important ones are cost-effectiveness, a balance of adventure and liberalization and a great place to have fun. Also, there is considerable support for handicapped people (Kruckemyer, 2005). This is maybe the biggest advantage of visiting the Bahamas and nearby islands Mark and Jillian both can have fun without worrying astir(predicate) accessibility . According to Kruckemyer, cruises are one of the

Blood Alcohol Content Essay Example for Free

railway line Alcohol Content EssayThe thought of intoxi brush offt being involved in fatal crashes brings about an emotional response. Recently, there has been a movement found on emotion rather than logic to change a certain drinking and driving law. This involves heavy the Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) from 0. 10% to 0. 08% nationwide. However, this attention is misdirected. By looking at my personal experiences, statistics, and period laws, it is clear that there is no need for lowering the BAC. First off, I do not drink.Yet, Ive had many experiences relating to drinking and driving through my friends. One thing Ive noticed is that it is extremely intemperately for people to tell if they are de jure drunk or not. Furthermore, I have never perceive any of my friends say that they feel that they should drive home because they have only a . 09% BAC. The law has real little effect on how many drinks a person decides to consume. Therefore, lowering the legal drunk keep en trust not result in people acting more responsible. Supporters of lowering the BAC like Judith lee St wizard in her essay YES think they are targeting the caper of drunken driving, but the real problem lies within the higher(prenominal) BACs. Ninety three percent of fatal accidents are 0. 10% BAC and above, and half of those xc three percent have a BAC of 0. 20% and above. The average BAC for fatal accidents is at actually at 0. 17%. This seems like a more logical target for new laws then 0. 08%. Furthermore, St sensation asks Who would penury their children in a car driven by someone who has consumed three, four, or even more beers in an hour (Stone 46)? I couldnt agree more.However, this common argument from the pro-0. 08% side is more like a parent responsibility question. They use this to manipulate our emotion by putting an innocent child in an improbable and unrelated situation. She also goes on to state, A study at Boston University found that euchre to 600 fewer highway deaths would occur annually if all states adopted 0. 08% (Stone 47). On the other hand, a exchangeable study at University of North Carolina shows no significant change after their adoption of 0. 08%. Which study is chastise?Most likely, both have some truthfulness. It could be either way depending on the state. The lowering of the Blood Alcohol Content percentage law is unnecessary and useless. Nevertheless, some states have already moved to the 0. 08%, and we visit the argument It makes no sense for a driver to be legally drunk in one state but not in another (Stone 46). To that, I ask a couple questions of my own. wherefore can I carry a concealed gun in one state and not another? Why is it that I can drive a certain speed in one state, but a different speed in another?The response to those questions and Stones rehearsal is all of the above are state laws. At this point, the federal government seems to get confused. In October 2000, carnal knowledge passed a law that uses the states money against them. It asserts that if a state doesnt lower its BAC percentage to 0. 08% by 2003, it will lose two percent of its highway money. States that dont like the law will be forced to vote for it because they are desperate for highway construction money. Strings shouldnt be wedded to this money.What are lost in all of this are the current laws for drunk driving. Driving while impaired is already illegal whether the person tests 0. 04% or 0. 10%. Courts can use alcohol test of 0. 04% and higher as evidence of impairment. Its at 0. 10% where a person is legally drunk and cannot legally operate a vehicle. Therefore, its not as if people who test 0. 08% are going uncorrected like the other side would have you believe. In conclusion, anybody who picks out one particular aspect and says that it is not working hasnt looked that the whole problem.The president for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Brian O Neill, says that hed rather see resources directed to ward enforcing existing drunken driving laws. Hopefully, with more education, more awareness, and more enforcement we can successfully reduce drinking and driving fatalities. Bibliography Stone, Judith Lee. Yes. Reading and Writing Short Arguments. Ed. William Vesterman. Mountain View, California Mayfield print Company, 2000. 46-47. Word Count 702.

The Rise of the Star in the Wake of Hollywood’s Golden Era Essay Example for Free

The mounting of the Star in the Wake of Hollywoods Golden Era EssayIntroduction Hollywood has long been a place distinguished by the fulfillment of dreams that it offers to the large number of hopefuls who are hanker to be artistic creationists. The fame and the fortune that Hollywood brings to its people and its subjects are rather large and too frequently inviting for the enthusiasts of the arts. The accept of germinatemaking took place in the same place where the artists were also nurtured with the skills and competent skills that they now have in do infront of their earreachs and infront of cameras. However beautiful it could be seen right now, it should be remembered that before the prestigious report of Hollywood came to reality, the creators of the utter have passed a number of hardships in its history dream factory. The fact that it takes a luck of effort to make a dream come true, the ones who established Hollywood as a touch that echoes the picturesque of perfect artistry, did a lot of job to attain their goals in making a take a leak for the state place. Today, it could be noniced that Hollywood becomes the center of every crudes report in the military personnel that gives color to television computer programming. Indeed, Hollywoods establishment has made t possible for people or so the land to enjoy a certain sport that brings ease to every depressed soul in the rescript. This is the main reason why many people take interest n knowing how Hollywood came to be. How it all started and who were the ones who made it big in the first years of the Entertainment industry in the get together States. The Fifty Golden Years of Hollywoods history has long been the favorite subject that art enthusiasts and historians enjoy to tackle. The color of life that makes up the history of the said sector of the human race civilization since the 1950s has made it even more interesting even for local readers and viewers of Hollywood shows.A s creen background on Hollywoods History as a Residential Place Hollywoods beginning has been more shifted on the agricultural nourishment that the place provides for the residents. However, when the 1880s arrived, H.H. Wilcox has planned a bare-ass community that he has foreseen to grow n Hollywood. It was more of a community that is habilitate for wealthy people. later on, the far-famed personalities from different parts of the United States and Europe began to see the said place as a fine residential area and began to settle there for good. The Prospect Avenue has become a radical for the famous ones such as Queen Anne, the Victorian residents and other more famous personalities. Since then, Hollywood has non been much the same as it has been when it first started as a simple community of agriculturists. More changes were placid ready to happen in the coming years in the Hollywood History.The Beginning of Film industry and Art Enthusiasm in Hollywood During the year 1911, t he first film studio has been established by the Nestor bon ton. The said studio was located at the corner of the Sunset and Grower streets.Nestor Companys film studio began shooting the first films in the fine climate and ambiance of Hollywood. Since then, Hollywood began to take a name that is more suited for the artistic creation of the excellent delineations that entertains the society. The adjustments though were not that easy to accept in particular for the older residents of Hollywood. Since some part of Hollywoods area was all the same dedicated to agriculture, the changes that the film industry brings to the locals of the place brought several issues for the older and the newer residents of Hollywood. late(a)r on, the agricultural identifys in Hollywood began to be subdivided and then fixd into residential areas. The said agricultural place is now more famously cognize as the Hollywood Boulevard. More than this, there came the creation of skyrocketing buildings aroun d the area that hosted intimately of the companies that int give uped to ascribe up filmmaking studios around Hollywood. Other establishments such as banks, grocery stores, restaurants and clubs as well as painting theaters were also established which naturally catered to the needs of the residents that are currently residing in Hollywood. The architectural design of the buildings were both inspired by the playful personalities that resided in the place as well as the famous ones that were know during the two World Wars that mainly affected the art of filmmaking in the entertainment industry. The whole community has been religious offering all kinds of created building styles that show the extreme depiction of both glamour and sophistication that the place holds. Everything became fit for the stars. However, when the movie stars began to have a better choice of residential offering in Beverly Hills, the said Hollywood life changed since the restaurants that were once launch in the vicinity of the said place left with the stars and transferred to their customers area in Beverly Hills. Hence, the Hollywood citys ambiance changed to becoming a more industrialized, and business-centered community. Most of the filmmaking studios stayed in Hollywood while other industrial offices found the said city more inviting and suit for their profitable pursuits. Today, the amicable environment of Hollywood is more of a business-oriented area than that of a residential place as it has been before. No matter how many changes has been taken in connection with the film industry, the buildings in the said area, which still holds the historic picture of the place is now beingness taken care of by the United States brass as it has been officially tell in the national Register of Historic Places. Indeed, the said protection does not plainly intend to take care of the Historical background of Hollywood as a place for residents of the famous and the glamorous but it also offe rs to protect the colorful beginning of the history of the art of filmmaking in the said place. Yes, Hollywood was the place where all the artistic approach of entertainment in terms of filmmaking all started and continues to smash at present.CHAPTER 2The Glamour of the 50s It has sole(prenominal) been the end of a big existence account, the second World Wars effect on the American Society and the whole world as well, has not only been directed to the political aspects of the society but also to state of wards the arts. It could be noted that during the war years, the created films were equanimityer and less provocative of mass rebellion. The years that covered the 1940s has much control on the way that the films were presented to the national. The movies were characterized to be less presenting on the real accounts that happen on the society during that era. This is because of the filmmakers fear of being connoted as an industry that encourages the society to rebel or revolt ag ainst the authorities that presently control the society during those years. However, when the war finally ended, the people or the viewers wanted more than just a calm presentation of the society. The fact that many among the people in the society were directly afflicted by the war years, the y wanted a more rebellious entertainment. Their emotional outpouring on the authorities who failed to end the war years at the least possible time that it have existed has inspired the filmmakers to present the substantial emotional dispositions of the society. Because of the idea of being finally free from the strife that the war brought upon the human society, the whole mankind aimed to show the pain that they used to feel during the times of the war. They aimed to show the overt of the dreadful effects that the wars brought some to the lives of the people. This is the reason why many of the films that were produced during the 1950s introduced more chatterive characters and settings tha t catered to the emotionally shifted themes of the movies during those certain times. Regarding this, an Internet site on the said film history placed it this way In the period following WWII when around of the films were idealized with conventional portrayals of men and women, youngish people wanted new and exciting symbols of rebellion. Hollywood responded to audience demands the late 1940s and 1950s saw the rise of the anti-hero with stars like newcomers mob doyen, Paul Newman (who debuted in the overdress epic The Silver Chalice (1954)) and Marlon Brando, replacing more proper actors like Tyrone Power, Van Johnson, and Robert Taylor. In later decades, this new generation of method actors would be followed by Robert DeNiro, Jack Nicholson, and Al Pacino. Sexy anti-heroines included Ava Gardner, Kim Novak, and Marilyn Monroe an exciting, vibrant, sexy star. (The get finished of the 50s, 2006) Yes, the new-waved approach of the movie industry in presenting a more rea lity based programming system has opened ways to new artists to be known and introduced to the society as enthusiasts of the social interests. The young entertainment has also been catered by the film industry during this era. James dean as for example became the most famous teenager artist. His skills in the craft of acting have made him a great name in the entertainment industry. The Said Internet site further adds The anguished, introspective teen James Dean (1932-1955) was the epitome of adolescent pain. Dean appeared in only three films before his sudden death in the fall of 1955. His first starring role was in Elia Kazans adaptation of John Steinbecks novel eastbound of Eden (1955) as a Cain-like son named Cal vying for his fathers (Raymond Massey) love against his brother Aron. (The Dawning of the 50s, 2006). Along with James Dean, came other young stars that also tried to portray the character of youngsters that the teenagers during those times wanted to present in the s ociety. Young ones who are more expressive, more certain about the things that they want and more open towards their vox populi of the societys norms have been the main characters of the movie icons that have been shown through the films of the 1950s. As years pass, the film industry of the 50s have been more open minded about the realities that are found in the human society. Cigar smoking, the use of fouls words and the fast-talks has been much related to entertainment of the 50s era. Yes, the stomach of a more socially oriented and reality-based programming has been introduced to the viewers during the years of the post-world war. The fondness of the society to real see themselves symbolically through the characters of the artists that portray their roles in the movies have been the main idea of entertainment of those times.CHAPTER 3The Big Ten of Hollywoods Golden Years The artists were not the only ones who have gained name calling during the Golden years of Hollywoods histo ry. The filmmakers and the people that contributed to the success of the entertainment industry who made the movie making possible also gained fame and dignity for themselves that have been remarkably incomparable among others who have been flourishing in the same industry through the years that followed before them. The said ten personalities shall be introduced in the call that followsAlvah Bessie (1940-2001) He is a screenwriter who created themes for Warner Brothers studios, and some other studios, which he spent lesser times with. His fanaticism in cover the society of the post-war effects of the current issues that happened during his years has been completely phenomenal in the entertainment industry. His powerfulness if catering to the theme that most of the audiences in the society like to see in the movies has created for him a name that goes around the extra ordinary in creating movie plots. Among his works was Objective Burma (1945), Men in Battle, Spain Again (bo ok) and Spanish Civil War Notebooks (book, 1938). All the said works became more focused on the experiences that he, along with his colleagues has experienced during the war era.Herbert J. Biberman (1950) He is an American Director-Screenwriter who posted much earnestness on the showing f the side of the union workers regarding the social issues that concerns them. Because of this fact, the socialists mostly mistakenly accuse him of being a communist because of the theme of his movies. However, for the less-heard society, he was the epitome of a man who has made their voices heard to towards those who needed to address their needs.Lester loot (1920-1960)Although he was considered to be among the less unfortunate members of the top ten of Hollywoods Golden Years, he has also created ways by which some of the people in the society were directly addressed through his screenplays. Most of his movies catered to the dreams of most of the American people during his times. His strengt h of creating for himself a name in the industry identifies him as a sole creator of the film-art.Edward Dmytryk (1935-1960) He started as a messenger in the Paramount pictures when he entered the Hollywood scene. Most of his movies were known to be of a theme that caters to the public idealisms of a fine society. The ability of the young ones to make a change and the fantasy-related dreams of people or the audiences has been mostly the main theme of his films. mobilise Lardner, Jr. (1940-1970) His movies mostly catered to the idealisms of the women population. The constant relation that he has posted towards the wants of the women in the society has earned him a credible name from the feminist groups of the society. Although he has been blacklisted for quite some time, his works has been undeniably incomparable.John Howard Lawson (1920-1964)His enthusiasm in filmmaking has been much shifted on the political theme of the movies that he created. The flaws of the government and the au thorities that makes the up the government has made his works different form that of the others.Albert Maltz He is known as a novelist who wanted to create stories that catered to the social views of the local audiences. Hence, most of his works were turned into movies that were widely accepted by the people.Samuel Ornitz (1923- 1930)He was a generally refined novelist who catered to the themes that affected the audiences as people and as members of the society. Although he has been blacklisted, his works became known to the public and was directly accepted by the audiences.Adrian Scott (1950) Screenwriter/producerDalton Trumbo (1940-1970)He created films that are close to reality especially during the wart years. He was rather certain about his aim of letting the society know of the verity even though it was most dangerous during those times. The big ten of Hollywoods history has been much of a breakthrough to the usual programming that Hollywood has been catering to. They opened ways by which playwrights, screenwriters and directors could express their views through movies with much braver and determination to let the public know of the truth though artistic entertainment.CHAPTER 4Conclusion From the history of Hollywoods most flourishing years, towards the present era, the entertainment industry that stiff a resident in the Hollywood community has been proven to influence many people not only in the American society or regions but also in the whole world. The ability of the filmmaking industry to affect the lives of the people have been noted as the most effective way of creating opinions of the public regarding the social issue that are currently affecting the human society. In the future, it is expected that Hollywoods years of existence would continue to flourish and cater to the entertainment needs to he public. Not only as a source of relaxation but as a revelation to the reality that binds the human societys current history.BIBLIOGRAPHYBooks David B ordwell. (2003). Film Art An Introduction. McGraw-Hill Companies 7th edition.G. Ellrod. (2001). Hollywood Greats of the Golden Years The Late Stars of the 20s Through the 50s (McFarland Classics). McFarland Company New Ed edition.Internet Sources Mary Scott. (2003). The Hollywood Ten. http//www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/blacklist.html. (January 23, 2007).Historic Resources Group. (2005). A hornswoggle History of Hollywood. http//www.historicla.com/hollywood/history.html. (January 23, 2007).Film History of the 1950s. (2006). http//www.filmsite.org/50sintro.html. (January 23, 2007).

How working environment can impact on motivation Essay Example for Free

How running(a) environment tin shock absorber on motivation Essay(A) give away, with manakins, how turning environment back closure imp teleph atomic number 53 number on motivation and contri providede to an effective body of work in exit and touristry, covering-* Job reparationIn make a motion and tourism, the holiday atmosphere at resort contributes to a sense of well- existence. Customers be happy to be on holiday and it is relatively easy to apply a positive attitude to work. Whereas if you were working in a call centre where you argon office bound and have to spend near of the talking to customer on the telephone. The composition has to consider how this poorer environment end be improved so that provide remains motivated.* die harding conditions and Hours of workHours of work vary tremendously throughout the industry- some commonwealth ar happy to work unsocial hours because it fits in with their lifestyle or they wish to have measure off when ev eryone else is working. However, the boilersuit number of hours per week should non exceed 40.* wellness and base hitSafety and protective covering factors moldiness be considered in the workplace, and legislation such as the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 must be adhered to. Specific regulations as well apply where food is served or where the chemical hazards, for example in a swimming pool. either these requirements be important.For some organisations a lapse in safety procedures can mean the collapse of the business and fifty-fifty a prosecution. Companies that organise activity holidays for children, for example must make health and safety a priority. Health and safety is important for both customers and employees. Employees need to agnise that they can go about their work in a safe environment and work unitedly to ensure their customers atomic number 18 safe.* checkment and ResourcesSate-of-the-art equipment and a pleasant environment are important to motivate staff.* Social exampleMost companies have a Christmas crashy or social extroverted for staff. These are useful events to fabricate camaraderie amongst staff and puddle squad ups.* Theories of motivationThe motivation and commitment of employees is key to success of a police squad and in that locationfore to the community. Several theorists have come up with models of motivation. The two of that we pull up s drivesing look at are Maslow and Herzberg.1. MaslowAbraham Maslow was an American who in the 1940s developed a theory of motivation. The theory is valid still for thought how batch are motivated in the workplace. Employers can use it to provide conditions that fulfil muckles needs at the different levels. Maslow theory is displayed as a pyramid because employees can neertheless move up the levels erst the raze levels are fulfilled. So, an employee cant achieve level 4 at work if they are having problems in their soulal life or working with colleagues (level 3) . Similarly, if they have just been made homeless (level 1) their concern go away be finding shelter not performing at work.2. HerzbergHerzbergs theory is also cognize as the hygiene theory. Herzberg identified characteristics which make people satisfied with their jobs and those which make them dissatisfied satisfiers and dissatisfiers.The satisfiers are factors which give people long-term motivation and enable them to enjoy their work* The fiber of work* Promotion prospects* Having responsibilities* Sense of exertion* Personal raising* Gaining recognitionThis dissatisfiers or hygiene factors need to be operating well in an organisation but according to Herzberg do not ultimately motivate people. These are* Salary* operative conditions* Relationships with otherwises- colleagues and managers* Company policy(B) Describe, with examples, how working relationships can impact on motivation and contribute to an effective workplace in travel and tourism, covering-* Management style Management is about motivating people to act in certain ways so that the team can achieve its common goal. A replete(p) manager must inform, motivate and develop the team. The four types of manager/ caution I bequeath be talking about are-1. An autocratic managerAn autocratic manager makes all the decisions and announces them to the team. This person is the head and so has full control. The main advantage of this kind of leadership is that decisions are made quickly, as no consultation is baffling. Its other advantages include-* Where thither is a need for urgent action the autocrat will take control* Some team members gain security from being told what to do.Disadvantages include-* Team members whitethorn become frustrated at their lack of control* on that point whitethorn not be fall on for the team to express creativity* there may be over-dependence on the leadersAutocratic management belongs in a traditional hierarchical complex body part.2. Consultative managementWith consultative management, the leader still makes the decisions but discusses them with the team. The advantages include-* The team is communicate of what is going on* Open discussion is march ond* The manager spends age with the teamThe disadvantages are that the team feel involved but frustrated by having no original power.3. Democratic managementWith democratic management, the decision-making is shared among the team. The advantages include-* Ideas are encouraged from everyone* There is greater function and commitment from team members* The team is likely to be deemive of the leader* The team is fully informedThe disadvantages include-* Some team members may not be able to cope with being involved in decision-making* The democratic process can take too long* The leader may not agree with the decisions of the team* Powerful team members may take over4. Laissez-faire managementWith individuation management the team is left to sort itself out and get on with its work. The manag er does not get involved and therefore is not leading the team. The advantages include-* Highly motivated and skilled people are able to get on with their tasks* The team is empoweredThe disadvantages include-* New team members will be uninformed* The team may be left with little or no direction* TeamworkTeamwork skills are essential in the workplace. You must be able to work with other people in a team even if you dont happen to like them.A team is a host of people who are working unitedly to achieve common objectives. Even when you are not physically with other members of your team, you can work together by contributing to a sequence of activities with a common aim. If you were working as a resort representative in Spain, you would still be working in a team with colleagues in head office in the UK.1. Team rolesGood teams achieve synergy that is, together they can achieve more than than the members could individual(a)ly. More ideas, energy and resources are generated as a grou p because-* The team solves problems and makes decisions together* The team focuses on the priorities, with everyone working towards the akin aim* The team provides a sense of belonging and a sense of status* The team provides a support networkNot everyone in a team is the same- individually person has their own strengths and weaknesses. If each person had the same weaknesses, the team could not work there needs to be a balance of skills. A method of recognising individuals strengths and weaknesses is needed in order to build an effective team.The management expert R.Meredith Belbin has outlined nine team roles necessary for a successful team. matchless person can represent more than one role, as most people have strengths in more than one area.Belbins roles- Chairperson/ co-ordinator = The group leader, likely to be relaxed and extravertive, also likely to be a groovy communicator. They will build on the strengths of team members and give them encouragement. Plant = The ideas person in the team, a person who is creative in looking for solution to problems, but not always good at details, and so may make careless mistakes. Shaper = The task leader, who unites ideas and effort. Needs to be dominated and extrovert in order to make things happen. Monitor/ evaluator = The team analyst, who is not so good at ideas but pays attention to details, thus keeping the team directed towards its target. Implementer = The organiser of the team, who is able to make the ideas of the plant and shaper and turn them into manageable and realistic tasks. A practical, stable and disciplined person. Resources clotheigator = The person who is outgoing and will explore and report on ideas and developments outside the group is sociable and enthusiastic and good below pressure. Team worker = A very people-oriented person, sensitive to others needs. The team worker has good communication skills and will be good at motivating other. A natural mediator, who will deal with any diffe rence at bottom the team, this person is very good to have around in a crisis. Finisher = A person who sticks to deadlines and likes to get on with things. Will probably be irritated by the more relaxed members of the team. specialist = This person is single-minded and a self-starter and provides knowledge and skills in specialist areas each of Belbins roles acquires a different level of important according to the objectives of the team and the stage in the teams life.2. team developmentFormal teams are part of the structure of an organisation and are planned in order to check that organisations objectives. The formal team will follow rules and regulations and may meet on a pre-arranged schedule and complete administrative procedures. Examples in travel and tourism includes sales teams and marketing teamsInformal teams work at heart or outside formal teams. They are sometimes based on personal relationships between members rather than on work roles. When you complete group work for assignments, you often choose the colleagues you wish. You choose to work with people you like and ones you know will be as committed as you are to the work. This is an informal team.There are several theories of team structure and development, which will help you to understand the effectiveness of teams. Bruce Tuckman (1965) identified four main stages of team development-* Forming at this stage, team members form their first impressions of each other and establish identities. They are sounding each other out and finding out what is expected of them.* Storming- the team members have, by now, become more employ to each other. Members are prepared to put forward their ideas forcibly and openly they are also prepared to disagree and so there may be some conflict and hostility.* Norming the team now begins to establish co-operation. meshing is controlled, views are exchanged and new standards introduced.* Performing the team is now working together it begins to arrive at solu tions and achieve objectives.There can also be a fifth stage, called adjourning or mourning, where the team has disbanded and the members get by being part of the team.* Job roles and lines of rightAn organisation graph shows the structure of the company and how the work is separate into different areas. It also shows the lines of responsibility between staff, so that it is apparent who is responsible to whom. An employee studying a chart will find the possible promotions routes.The chart may show a hierarchical structure or line relationship. This is a very traditional structure and shows a chain of command with each person responsible to the person above them. It is sometimes referred to as a pyramid structure. galore(postnominal) organisations today would be depicted in a chart with a flatter structure. There are fewer layers of management, and each manager has a broader span of control. Restructuring of organisations often involves getting rid of middle managers, hence the fl attened structure.* convey of communicationOpen communication must be encouraged and ideas should be freely expressed in the workplace. There should be trust and support between team members. An effective leader can encourage good communication and shape the way the team works.* VerbalVerbal communication is the process of direct and receiving messages with words, including writing and there are different ways a person can do vocal communication1. Telephone2. Word of mouth3. Video conference4. Face to face5. Presentation6. walky-talky7. Meetings8. Bluetooth/ headset ( liquid phone)9. Radio10. Sign language* WrittenWritten communication guarantees that everyone touch has the same information and it provides a long-lasting record of communication for future such as1. Books2. Brochures/ leaflets, newspaper3. E-mail4. Text (written + electronic + verbal)5. Fax (written + electronic)6. Notice boards7. Minutes of meetings* ElectronicElectronic communication means any method used to co nvey a message that has been transmitted via electronic means such as e-mail, video conferencing, radio, TV, mobile phone, internet, fax etc.* pertain opportunitiesLegislation exists to ensure that personal get together equal opportunities and that there is no variety. The arts of parliament that you should be aware of are-* Race relations Act 1976This act makes secernment on racial grounds outlaw(a) in piece of work, training, education and the provision of goods, facilities and services. The two main type of dissimilitude involved in this Act are-1. direct discrimination- discrimination against colour disability, citizenship2. verifying discrimination- discriminating a racial group* Sex discrimination Act 1975This act makes it unlawful to discriminating against someone on the ground of gender, marital status, Gender reassignment or stimulateual orientation. The act was updated in 1986 to remove restrictions on womens hours of work and then it allowed women to take h=jobs with flexible hours. This act not only covers discriminations in the workplace but in job advertisements and interviews.* Disability discrimination act 1995This act makes discrimination against people with disabilities unlawful in respect of employment, education and access to goods, facilities, services, and premises.Employers are required to make fair adjustments to accommodate people with disabilities. Examples include providing specially adapted keyboards for arthritis sufferers, facilitating wheelchair access and relocating people with limited mobility to the ground floor.* Equal pay act 1970This act was introduced to address the problem of women being remunerative less than men for the same work. It allows employees to claim equal value in terms of demands made on them, such as effort, skills and decisions made. There is also an EU guiding that state that for the same work or work of equal value, sex discrimination must be eliminated in all aspects of pay.* Other forms of dis criminationDiscrimination at work is a very serious issue and can result in large amounts of compensation being awarded following successful tribunals, not to set up policies to ensure that the workplace is free from discrimination.Measures to be taken include-1. fit up a comprehensive equal opportunities policy covering all aspects of discrimination2. Training staff in discrimination legislation and on how to implement the equal opportunities policy3. Setting up missions procedures for instances of discrimination* Employment rights act 1996When someone gets a job they can aspect to start out a contract of employment. This is a legally binding agreement between the employer and the employee. Under the Employment Rights Act, the employer must give the employee a written document including the following information, in writing within 2 months of kickoff work-1. Name of employer and employee2. Date employment began3. Rate of pay and interval of pay4. Hours of work5. spend entitle ment and pay6. Job title and brief description of duties7. Place of work8. Notice entitlement and requirements9. Sick conduce entitlement and sick pay10. Pension and pension scheme11. Disciplinary procedures and grievance producers12. Date of end of employment it fixed term13. Additional details about working aboard if appropriate.* Notice board aft(prenominal) one month of continues employment an employee is entitle to one week of notice if the employment ends. After 2 years employment they are entitle to 2 weeks notice, after(prenominal) 3 years, 3 weeks notice and so on. After 12 years the legal maximum 12 weeks notice is reached.A employee must also give notice of leaving to an employer. After one month of continuous employment, an employee must give a minimum of one weeks notice.Employees are entitled to normal pay during notice levels as long as they are working or available for work.* RedundancyRedundancy pay is calculated according to the employees age, length of service and salary. Employees can claim for unfair dismissal if they suspect1. There is no real pleonasm2. They were unfairly selected for redundancyDismissal is treated as redundancy if the whole business is closing or a particular job disappears or requires fewer employees. An employer may offer alternative employment. If the employee unreasonably refuses it they are not entitled to redundancy pay.* EU Directives on hours and payThe European Working Time Directive was enacted in the UK through the Working Time Regulations 1998. This lays down the following1. A maximum 48-hours week, averaged over 17 weeks2. at least 4 weeks paid annual guide3. a weekly rest consequence of at least 24 hours in each 7-day gunpoint4. a daily rest gunpoint of at least 11 consecutive hours between each working day5. an in-work rest flare of 20 minutes for those working hours or more per daySome sectors are excluded from the regulations one of theses is transport.* content Minimum Wage Act 1998This Act provides workers with a minimum hourly rate below which their reward will not fall. Those who work part time benefit most, because they are often badly paid. The small(a) Pay Commission advises the Secretary of State on the value of the minimum rate. A special lower rate applies to 18-to 21years-olds.* Maternity and paternity leaveThe Employment Relations Act 1999 provides for basic rights for maternity leave. There are three periods of maternity leave. Ordinary maternity leave is for a period of 18 weeks which coincides with the period for statutory maternity pay. This applies to all employees. Compulsory maternity leave extends to a period of 2 weeks after the birth the employer must not permit the woman to return to work during this period. Additional maternity leave follows immediately after the original 18-weekperiod and must end within 29 weeks of the birth. Employees with at least one years service with an employer are eligible for the supplemental maternity leave. Under t he same Act there are provisions to allow parents 3 months leave in order to care for a child. This is mean to be taken before the child is five. It is intended to be available to men and to women, in addition to maternity leave.Paternity leave is available to men to1. Have or expect to have responsibility for the childs upbringing2. Are the biological father of the child, or the mothers husband or partner3. Have worked constantly for their employer for 26 weeks ending with the fifteenth week before the baby is due.Eligible employees can choose take either 1 week or 2 consecutive weeks paternity leave (not odd days)* statutory sickness payAn employer must pay Statutory Sick Pay to employees who become sick and who unremarkably earn at least 79 per week. After 28 weeks, Incapacity Benefit or Income aliment must be claimed instead.* Grievance and disciplinary proceduresThese must be included in the employees written line or contract, or at least there must be a reference to where they can be found. Disciplinary producers deal with such maters as warnings to be given before dismissal. Warnings might pinch from the following-1. Lack of capability or qualifications-although the employer has a responsibility to give training2. Misconduct-which includes habitual lateness3. perfect(a) misconduct (for example, assault or theft) leads to instant or summary dismissal.Grievance procedures deal with complaints by employees who are not satisfied with aspects of their employment. Employees must be given the name of a person to whom a complaint can b made and should be informed of right of appeal.* Investors in peopleInvestors in people is a UK quality standard development in 1990. Those companies who gain the award have proved that they invest in the training and development of their staff. This is beneficial to employees and also to customers and suppliers.The standard for Investors in people is based on four key principals1. Commitment from the top to develop all em ployees2. Regular review of training and development needs3. Taking relevant action to meet those needs throughout peoples biographys4. Evaluating training and development outcomes for individuals and the organisation in order to continuously improveThese principals are subdivided into 24 indicators of effective practise, and the organisation provides evidence for sagaciousness against the indicators.Once the organisation gets the award it is entitled to display the Investors in People logo on company literature.* Buddies and mentoringMentoring schemes are growing in popularity. They offer employees a one-to one relationship with a mentor, someone with greater experience and a willingness to listen and advice. The mentor and the mentee meet regularly and discuss aspects of the mentees job, such as career development.The mentor does not act as a line manager or superior and is never judgemental, but acts as a sounding board and is able to offer ideas and a different lookout on wor k issues.The Hilton hotel chain runs a mentoring scheme for its staff at all levels. Its purpose is to support staff in their career development. Mentors at the Hilton chain are often colleagues of the mentees doing similar jobs, which departs from the traditional model. All of the mentors have had mentoring training. Some companies have similar, but sometimes less formal, schemes where a new member of staff is given a buddy as a source of information and help.* Job securityMany contracts today are fixed term, especially in areas such as visitor attractions. This means that the period of employment is not indefinite but lasts for a period of months or a year or two. The reason for such contracts is flexibility for employers- they can lose staff on fixed contracts at the end of the period without penalty. However, such contracts are demotivating for staff as they worry about their future income and job prospects.C) Describe with examples, how incentives can impact on motivation and c ontribute to an effective workplace in travel and tourism including* RemunerationRemuneration means how much you get paid. You would imagine that this is very important as a motivator. In fact, it is an important factor in attracting people to a company but research shows that it is not the most important incentive.* Performance related payBonuses are often based on overall profits and awarded to all employees- usually performance related.* Incentive schemeAn example of an incentive scheme could be a competition that staff are invited to enter. The competitions may be based on generating new ideas within the company, or how to boost sales, customer satisfaction or commissions on sales.* DiscountsDiscounts may be given on holidays or travel for those working in the industry. Many who work in travel and tourism receive cheap travel, perhaps by going on standby if they work for an airline or by going on fact-finding trips to a destination if they work for a travel agent.* Holiday entit lementIn the UK employees can expect around 4 weeks paid holiday per year. In the public sector more holiday is often given, but this may be balanced against lower pay.* Pension schemesA good pension scheme can act as an incentive for many people who are concerned about security in retirement.* PerksAs a perk, employees in the travel and tourism industry are often provided with a uniform. They may get to travel or live aboard and be paid to live there. They may be provided with a company car.* Opportunities for promotion and progressionMany employees need a challenge and if they are in the same position, doing a job they find easy, they may become bored and less efficient. Thus, opportunities to move on and face new challenges are an important incentive. Opportunities may arise within an organisation and good people are quickly promoted. You may wish to let it be known that you are interested in progression and ask to be sent on relevant training courses and conferences.D) Described , with examples, how training can impact on motivation and contribute to an effective workplace in travel and tourism including* TrainingThose employers who wish o ensure an effective workplace will offer ongoing training and development to staff. There are several benefits to organisations add to their workforces. Training can* Improve individual performance* Improve team performance* Allow staff to be better informal* Equip staff to deal with change and emergencies* Make for a more flexible workforce* Improve morale* Allow managers more time to manage through delegation of other tasks.* induction trainingEmployers have to provide instruction and training to ensure health and safety, and this is usually a part of induction training. The induction is the first stage of training and is given to new employees it is important as new employees need to be made welcome and become effective in their work as quickly as possible.Induction covers* The nature of the job* Introduction to the workplace and to staff* The lines of responsibility* Facilities such as toilets, lockers, canteen* Health and safety basics* Training opportunities* In-house trainingLarge companies offer their own in-house training and may even write their own materials. These training courses are very beneficial as they are tailor- made to meet the needs of the company.* External coursesThousands of external courses are available. These may be specific to travel and tourism or other professional qualifications in areas such as marketing or human resource management. They may be offered by colleges, by travel associations or by private companies.Companies may allow individuals or groups to attend such courses. Some may be long term, leading to advanced qualifications, so a great deal of commitment is required on behalf of the individual.

Religion, Spirituality, and Health Status in Geriatric Outpatients Essay Example for Free

Religion, Spirituality, and Health Status in gerontological Outpatients EssayDaaleman, Perrera and Studenski wished to re- assure the effect of ghostlyism and spirituality on perceptions of older persons, operationalized as geriatric outpatients.The authors proceeded from twain conceptual ca-cas. The first is that self-reported wellness view is central to aging research. The old know whereof they speak. Self-ratings are logical because they correlate well with health status over time and, consequently, health service utilization. The second construct is that, no matter how morally they lived as young adults, those in late middle age inject to embrace worship and spirituality with more(prenominal)(prenominal) fervor. Prior research had scrutinized the family between religion and health perceptions. whatsoever results were inconclusive, an outcome that the authors attributed to failure to control for such covariates as spirituality.Definitions vary, the authors adjudge , but they proposed defining religiosity as principally revolving on organized faith while spirituality has more to do with giving universe meaning, purpose, or power either from within or from a transcendent source. In turn, the dependent covariant was appreciated by a single-item global health from the Years of Healthy Life (YOHL) scale, a self-assessment of everyday health (would you say your health in general is ) and a 5-item Likert response from excellent to poor.Fieldwork consisted of including a 5-item measure of religiosity15 and a 12-item spirituality instrument in a 36-month health service utilization, health status, and functional status learn among 492 outpatients of a VA and HMO ne bothrk, all residents of the Kansas City metropolitan area.The authors were remiss in non formally articulating their hypotheses for the study though one gleans that the alternative hypothesis could have stated, Structured religion, a deep awareness of spirituality, mental status and mobility, and personal and demographic variables materially influence measures of health status and physical functioning.In the end, the data was subjected to univariate and multivariate best-fit statistics. The key findingsTable 2. Predictors of Self-Reported Good HealthStatus (N = 277)Factor*Unadjusted OR (95% CLAdjusted OR (95% CI)Age0.94(0.890.99)Male0.72(0.411.25)White race2.79(1.515.17)3.32(1.338.30)Grade school0.1(0.020.49)Some high school0.28(0.061.44)High school graduate0.24(0.051.14)Technical/business school0.29(0.061.43)Some college0.31(0.061.49)not depressed (GDS)32.4(4.03261)Physical functioning(SF36-PFI)1.04(1.031.05)1.03(1.011.04)Quality of life (EuroQol)1.69(1.412.01)1.36(1.091.70)religiousism (NORC)0.93(0.851.02)Spirituality (SIWB)1.15(1.101.21)1.09(1.021.16)OR = odds ratio CI = confi dence interval GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale SF36-PFI= Physical Functioning Index from SF-36 NORC = National Opinion interrogation CenterSIWB = Spirituality Index of Well-Being.*R eferent factors age-1 year younger female, nonwhite college graduate GDS score of0-9 PFI-index of 1 little EuroQol-score of 0.1 less SIWB-score of 1 less. P = .01. P = NS. P .01. P .05.After adjusting for all covariates, the authors tentatively reason out that spirituality was an important explanatory factor for perceptions of ones own physical public assistance. That religiosity did not seem statistically relevant, the authors concede, could be due to having defined the variable partly as attendance at religious services, a behavior possible only if the patient was functional and ambulant. Still, the authors argue, they did include other measures of religiosity and the regression model did hold being functional constant.While the study did establish a kin between self-perceptions of health and spirituality, the authors themselves point out the possibility that the two variables are not independent. The conceptual mannikin of the SIWB spirituality measure includes a high degree of collateral intentionality, which strikes one as very identical to health optimism as independent variable.Article 2 Religious grapple and psychological functioning in a correctional populationLonczak, Clifasefi1, Marlatt, Blume, . Donovan tested the relationship among religious facts of life, header and mental health outcomes in the admittedly- disagreeable prison environment.This time, the authors do not mince words. They preface the literature review with the majoritys stamp in God (or some higher being) as the core formula of religiosity. Second, they point out that two separate meta-analysis carried out in 1983 and 2003 showed mixed results for a relationship between religiosity and coping. Perhaps, they argue, this is because religious coping has negative-coping aspects, such as the conviction that all ones troubles are due to abandonment by God.Since a search of the literature had revealed only one study concerning prisoners the positive effect of meditation on rec idivism psychological symptoms in India Lonczak et al. thought to embark on this study of a neglected population. Secondly, the authors hoped to advance system by defining religious coping more specifically than had ever been done.There were multiple hypotheses go to this studyThat the high degree of stress undergo by prisoners triggers an increase in religious coping behaviors (e.g., prayer, reading, spirituality, attendance in religious activities, etc.).That the positive coping encouraged by religiosity brings about powderpuff and solace and hence increases the likelihood of adaptive outcomes.That a religious upbringing provides individuals a repertoire of positive coping behaviors from which to draw strength.Coming to data processing and statistical tests, Longczak et al. employed principal component analyses using Varimax rotation. The result was a four-factor model with their respective Cronbach alpha reliability estimatesSpirituality (0.97)Good deeds and quick particip ation in coping related activities (0.89)Pleading (0.83) and,Discontentment (0.74).In addition, the researchers administered the Brief Symptom lineage to measure four dimensions depression, anxiety, somatization and hostility.At the first stage of analysis, relationships between religiosity on one put across and either gender or ethnic group on the other were tested for in bivariate correlations, t-tests, ANOVAs, or chi square tests.Subsequently analyses involved four hierarchical linear regressions (one for each outcome) including both gender and stressful life events by each of the five religion measures. In order to examine the relationships between religion-focused predictors and outcomes with and without separate statistical adjustment for sociodemographic variables, variables were processed in a given sequence (below) and non-significant call removed from later analyses.Religious upbringing, participation, spirituality, pleading and discontentment in the first blockGender, ethnic group, age, education, and stressful life events in the second block and,Interaction terms in the third and fourth blocks.The findings provided turn out for the hypothesis that an upbringing characterized by formal or structured religion has positive mental health ramifications, including less depression and hostility. Secondly, women are more adversely affected by discontentment-based coping. Religious pleading notwithstanding, thirdly, prisoners who had experienced stressful life events were more likely to evince depression and hostility.Article 4 Effect of religion on suicide attempts in outpatients with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorders compared with inpatients with non-psychotic disordersHuguelet et al. also focused on religion, this time in relation to psychosis and, specifically the propensity to suicide. Among the 115 patients with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorders covered by the study, 43% had antecedently attempted suicide. Broadly speaking, the team wished to find out whether religion was a protective or do factor in these suicide attempts.Suicide deserves attention, the authors maintained, because over 9 in 10 suicides are attach to by a diagnosis of psychiatric illness. Over the lifetime of a schizophrenic, in particular, meta-analysis has shown a 0.049 chance of death by suicide.Given the importance of reducing suicidal behavior, it seemed encouraging that spirituality and religious activities had break the risk. Prior research on piety and spirituality had suggested that the coping mechanisms could involve both a more positive world view and a shield against stress.HYPOTHESIS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSISNo relationship could be found for religiousness and the tendency to attempt suicide. Twenty-five percent of all the study subjects acknowledged that religion inhibited them from considering suicide versus only one in ten that articulated an incentive function for religion.Overview of FindingsThe four articles explore d different facets of spirituality and religiosity. Daaleman, Perrera and Studenski related spirituality to health perceptions. Lonczak et al.turned their attention to whether a religious upbringing helped adults cope better with a stressful environment, imprisonment in this case. In the case of Huguelet et al., the question was whether fork over religious beliefs encouraged suicide or strengthened coping mechanisms for resisting self-destructive compulsions.After adjusting for all covariates, Daaleman, Perrera and Studenski tentatively concluded that spirituality was an important explanatory factor for perceptions of ones own physical well-being. Religiosity was not a factor, for reasons already explained. One doubts this will be the last word on the matter, however, since the study lacked rigor.Nonetheless, the finding about spirituality is helpful given that therapy is a way of expanding awareness and identity. As well, Transactional digest recognizes the spiritual dimension of each person as an important part of the therapeutic process (Trautman, 2003). On the other hand, one realizes the limitations of analyzing spirituality vis--vis health perception when the two variables overlap, at least on the aspect of optimism.One is therefore led to wonder, might it not advance therapy theory and praxis if a) Spirituality and religiosity were qualitatively tested as a compound, unified variable and, b) Health-related research include objective measures of well-being as the realistic dependent variable?For Lonczak et al. the implications for counseling have more to do with discontent and religious pleading. Counseling might address the roots and implications of religious distress and assist patients in developing more adaptive coping strategies. Notwithstanding the focus on a tightly defined population segment (older adults jailed for alcohol- and drug-related offenses), the authors are correct to point out the immense social good clinicians and prison administr ators could encourage if low-cost religious or spirituality-enhancing programs did contribute to significant reductions in behavior management problems, psychological impairment, and posterior recidivism.Similarly, the findings of Huguelet et al. suggest that suicide rates among psychotic patients could well be reduced if therapy embraced reinforcement or revivification of religious beliefs.ReferencesTrautmann, R. (2003) Psychotherapy and spirituality. Transactional Analysis Journal, 33, (1) 32-36.